● Equine Herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) ● Equine Herpesvirus-4 (EHV-4) ● Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM) ● Neuroborreliosis ● Parasitic Encephalomyelitis (Parelaphestrongylus. tenuis, Halicephalobus gingivalis) ● Rabies ● Tetanus ● Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE) ● West Nile Virus (WNV) ● Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE)


Non-infectious: ● Anemia with hypoxia ● Cervical Vertebral Stenotic Myelopathy (CVSM, Wobbler Syndrome) ● CNS mass (tumor, cholesterol granuloma, or Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction/Adenoma)


● Drug toxicity ● Electrolyte abnormalities ● Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy (EDM) ● Hepatoencephalopathy ● Hyperammonemia secondary to hepatic or gastrointestinal (esp. equine Coronavirus, Potomac Horse Fever) disease


● Renal disease with uremic encephalopathy ● Seizure Disorders/Epilepsy ● Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO) ● Toxins, including, but not limited to: ○ Aflatoxins ○ Yellow Star Thistle/Russian Knapweed ○ Mycotoxins ○ Pesticides or herbicides


● Trauma with brain or spinal cord injury Diagnostic approach for suspected cases of infectious neurologic disease


● Complete history (including vaccine history and recent travel) ● Physical examination ○ Use personal protective equipment (PPE) if the horse is febrile or infectious/zoonotic etiology is suspected. Avoid contact with body fluids if Rabies is suspected.


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