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labelled to enable consumers to select against it on moral grounds. For some people, cloning horses and other species is unethical because cloning goes beyond the limits of how far man ought to interfere with nature and is therefore simply morally repugnant. Such arguments are hard to refute, because they are a matter of moral conscience. However, the concept of ‘an affront to dignity’, which forms part of some moral objections to cloning, seems a weak ethical reason for branding cloning ethical. Concerns about the health and welfare of recipient


animals gestating and giving birth to clones and about the short, medium and long-term health and welfare of cloned farm animals provide compelling reasons to consider cloning unethical on cost:benefit grounds. What little evidence exists so far suggests that some welfare problems which are prominent in the cloning of farm animals, particularly fetal oversize and dystocia, do not occur with such significance in horses. However, other reported problems, particularly those occurring in equine neonates and foals, render use of the technique ethically dubious. The onus is on all those providing commercial equine cloning services to provide a stronger evidence base for ethical decision making about equine cloning by collating data about the short, medium and long- term health of cloned horses. This will require collaboration not only between specialist centres, but also with veterinarians who are not specialists in cloning, but who provide healthcare for cloned offspring throughout their lives.


Author’s declaration of interests No conflicts of interest have been declared.


Ethical animal research


This paper has been assessed according to the Royal Veterinary College’s Code of Good Research Practice (authorisation No 01144).


Source of funding


The author undertook the research for this article whilst funded by the Wellcome Trust as a Biomedical Ethics Research Fellow.


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Continued on page 281 ©2016 TheAuthors EquineVeterinaryEducationpublishedby JohnWiley&Sons Ltdonbehalf of British EquineVeterinary Association


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