EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION / AE / SEPTEMBER 2017
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Injectable omeprazole for horses
This two-part study by Ben Sykes and colleagues in Australia investigated the pharmacodynamics of long-acting injectable omeprazole (LA-OMEP) and its efficacy in a pilot clinical trial. Six Thoroughbred horses on a hay-only diet were fitted with
percutaneous gastrotomy tubes for continuous measurement of intragastric pH via an indwelling pH probe. A single 2 g intramuscular dose of LA-OMEP was administered on Day 1. Measurement of pH at two different locations within the stomach was recorded over 23 h each day for 8 days. Good rates of ulcer healing are anticipated when intragastric pH is greater than 4 for at least 66% of the time. The intragastric pH was above 4 for 66% of the time in all horses for the first 4 days and in the majority of horses (4/6) for 7 days, comparing favourably to oral omeprazole under similar conditions. For the pilot clinical trial, 26 horses with squamous or
glandular ulceration on gastroscopic examination received a 2 g dose of LA-OMEP on Day 0 and Day 7. Repeat gastroscopy was performed 2 weeks later. Lesion healing (grade 0) was observed in all 22 cases of squamous ulceration and 75% of the nine horses with glandular ulceration. Improvement in lesion severity by at least one grade was observed in all horses in the study. One horse developed a swelling at the site of injection that resolved without treatment. No other adverse effects were observed. Intramuscular omeprazole results in good acid suppression
over a 7-day period and high rates of treatment success in clinical cases, without significant adverse effects and avoiding any issues of bioavailability associated with the oral form of omeprazole.
Antimicrobial activity of local anaesthetics
In this study D. Adler and colleagues in Denmark investigated the antimicrobial activity of bupivacaine, lidocaine and mepivacaine against equine pathogens. Local anaesthetic injections are routinely performed by
equine practitioners as part of lameness investigations. Through this process, bacteria can enter the tissues perforated by the needle and may cause local infections at the injection site. This in vitro study investigated whether local anaesthetics at concentrations available in commercially available solutions could inhibit growth and/or kill bacteria that could be inoculated into the synovial space or soft tissues during injection. The antimicrobial activity of the local anaesthetics bupivacaine, lidocaine and mepivacaine were evaluated against 40 equine clinical bacterial isolates of the Actinobacillus, Corynebacterium, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Pseudomonas,
Rhodococcus, Staphylococcus and
Streptococcus genera. Minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MICs and MBCs) were determined by the broth microdilution method. Clinically applied concentrations of bupivacaine,
lidocaine, and mepivacaine inhibited visual growth of 93, 93 and 80% of isolates tested, respectively. For the majority (80%) of the inhibited isolates, the concentrations were also bactericidal. The tested local anaesthetics possessed antimicrobial activity against equine pathogens at concentrations that are routinely applied in clinical cases; however, this antimicrobial activity should not discourage antiseptic preparation prior to local anaesthetic injections.
References
Adler, D.M.T., Damborg, P. and Verwilghen, D.R. (2017) The antimicrobial activity of bupivacaine, lidocaine and mepivacaine against equine pathogens: an investigation of 40 bacterial isolates. Vet. J. 223, 27-31.
Barcel o Oliver, F., Russell, T.M., Uprichard, K.L., Neil, K.M. and Pollock,
P.J. (2017) Treatment of septic arthritis of the coxofemoral joint in 12 foals. Vet. Surg. 46, 530-538.
James, K.E., Smith, W.A., Packham, A.E., Conrad, P.A. and Pusterla, N. (2017) Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and association with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis: a case–control study of Californian horses. Vet. J. 224, 38-43.
Kraus, M., Physick-Sheard, P.W., Brito, L.F. and Schenkel, F.S. (2017) Estimates of heritability of atrial fibrillation in the Standardbred racehorse. Equine Vet. J. Epub ahead of print; doi:10.111/evj. 12687.
Padalino, B., Raidal, S.L., Carter, N., Celi, P., Muscatello, G., Jeffcott, L. and de Silva, K. (2017) Immunological, clinical, haematological and oxidative responses to long distance transportation in horses. Res. Vet. Sci. 115, 78-87.
Partlow, J., David, F., Hunt, L.M., Relave, F., Blond, L., Pinilla, M. and Lavoie, J.P. (2017) Comparison of thoracic ultrasonography and radiography for the detection of induced small volume pneumothorax in the horse. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound. 58, 354-360.
Sykes, B.W., Kathawala, K., Song, Y., Garg, S., Page, S.W., Underwood, C. and Mills, P.C. (2017) Preliminary investigations into a novel, long-acting, injectable, intramuscular formulation of omeprazole in the horse. Equine Vet. J. Epub ahead of print; doi:10.111/evj. 12688.
© 2017 EVJ Ltd
Effects of long distance transportation
This study by Barbara Padalino and colleagues in Australia and Italy evaluated the immunological, clinical, haematological and oxidative responses to long distance transportation in horses. Horses are transported frequently, often over long distances.
Transportation may represent a physiological stressor with consequential health and welfare implications. This study reports the effects of a long distance journey on immunological, clinical, haematological, inflammatory and oxidative parameters in an Experimental Group (EG) of ten horses, comparing them with six horses of similar age and breed used as a nontransported Control Group (CG). Clinical examination and blood sampling were performed twice on all horses: immediately after unloading for the EG, and at rest on the same day for the CG (Day 1); at rest on the same day oneweek later for both groups (Day 7). On Day 1 EG horses showed increased heart and respiratory rates, rectal temperature, capillary refilling time, neutrophil numbers, serum albumin, plasma total antioxidant status, and a lower rate of mitogen induced proliferation of lymphocytes, in comparison with CG. On Day 7 only an increase in total serum protein and serum globulins was seen in the EG. No difference in serum cortisol concentration was found. Long distance transportation induced an acute phase response impairing the cell-mediated immune response. Clinical examinations, including assessing CRT and body
weight loss, and the monitoring of redox balance may be useful in evaluating the impact of extensive transport events on horses. A better understanding of the link between transportation stress, the immune system and the acute phase response is likely to inform strategies for enhancing the welfare of transported horses.
S. WRIGHT EVE Editorial Office
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