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regression analysis carried out to identify associations between horse and management-level variables and the risk of uveitis. Each case was then followed longitudinally to determine the rate of recurrence of uveitis. In total, 23 cases and 46 controls were recruited. Being
close to a pig farm (OR 27.8; CI 1.31–592.06) and a recent history of flooding of the pasture (OR 15.43; CI 2.80–84.98) were associated with increased risk of uveitis. Being in the same owner’s possession for a longer amount of time had a protective effect (OR 0.79; CI 0.68–0.93). Horses recovered uneventfully following treatment and showed no evidence of recurrence in 59.1% of the cases (n = 13). In five horses (22.7%), the initial episode of uveitis could not be controlled and required surgical therapy. Recurrence was observed in four horses (18.2%). These results indicate that the proportion of cases that experience recurrence is low in the UK.
Equine ulcerative keratitis
This study by Eline Vercruysse and co-workers in Belgium aimed to describe bacterial isolates and associated antibiotic resistance from horses with ulcerative keratitis. Medical records from horses with ulcerative keratitis
presented to a teaching hospital in Belgium over an 8-year period were evaluated. Bacterial isolates were identified, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing and resistance detection were performed using an automated system. Samples from 200 eyes of 196 horses were evaluated; 97
eyes had a positive bacterial culture (48.5%), and 139 bacterial isolates were identified. Staphylococcus (63/139: 45.3%) and Streptococcus (33/139: 23.7%) were the most frequent genus isolated. Staphylococcus aureus (21/139: 15.1%) was the most frequent species isolated of which half were methicillin-resistant (MRS). Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (19/139: 13.7%) was the second most identified bacterial isolate. Only two Pseudomonas species were isolated (2/139: 1.4%). The overall resistance of all
bacterial isolates against chloramphenicol (12.4%) and fluoroquinolones (14.3%) was low. Resistance against tobramycin, polymyxin B, gentamicin, fusidic acid, tetracycline and neomycin ranged from 40.8% to 58.6%. When separating the MRS from the other staphylococci, a significant difference was noted in percentage of resistance to gentamicin and tetracycline. MRS were highly resistant to gentamicin (75%) and tetracycline (100%), whereas the remaining staphylococci were significantly less resistant to gentamicin (17%) and tetracycline (40.4%). Although Pseudomonas species has been rarely cultured,
these results are roughly consistent with previous studies. Multiple drug resistance was high, and resistance to first- choice antibiotics in ulcerative keratitis was noted. These results warrant continued monitoring of susceptibility profile.
Faecal PCR testing
This study by Gary Magdesian and co-workers at the University of California-Davis, USA, evaluated faecal PCR testing for detection of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridioides difficile toxin genes and other pathogens in 28 foals with diarrhoea. This study evaluated the results of a comprehensive
faecal diarrhoea PCR panel in 28 foals that had been presented to a referral hospital because of diarrhoea. Sixteen (57%) foals were positive for C. perfringens and/or C. difficile toxin gene sequences on faecal PCR, including three foals positive for NetF toxin. These foals were younger and had higher haematocrits, haemoglobin and red blood cell concentrations than foals with diarrhoea that tested negative for clostridial toxins. The foals had lower total protein concentrations and were more likely to have band neutrophils on a CBC (OR: 16.2). All three foals with NetF toxin gene sequences detected
in faeces survived to discharge, indicating that diarrhoea caused by NetF toxigenic C. perfringens isolates is not uniformly fatal.
S. WRIGHT EVE Editorial Office References
Hall, S., Smith, R., Ramzan, P.H.L., Robinson, N. & Parker, R. (2022) Rib fractures in adult horses as a cause of poor performance; diagnosis, treatment and outcome in 73 horses. Equine Veterinary Journal. Epub ahead of print.
https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13566
Magdesian, K.G., Barnham, S. & Pusterla, N. (2022) Fecal PCR testing for detection of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridioides difficile toxin genes and other pathogens in foals with diarrhea: 28 cases. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 34, 396–401.
Malalana, F., Ireland, J.L., Pinchbeck, G.L. & McGowan, C.M. (2022) Risk factors for a first episode of primary uveitis in the UK and proportion of cases that experience recurrence following this first episode. Equine Veterinary Journal. Epub ahead of print.
https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13576
Mita, H., Tamura, N., Fukuda, K., Kuroda, T., Kuwano, A. & Sato, F. (2022) Incidence of carpal fractures and risk factors for recurrent fractures after arthroscopic removal of carpal chip fracture fragments in Thoroughbred racehorses. Veterinary Record Epub ahead of print; doi:
https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.1482
Vercruysse, E.M., Narinx, F.R., Rives, A.C.M., Sauvage, A.C., Grauwels, M.F. & Monclin, S.J. (2022) Equine ulcerative keratitis in Belgium: Associated bacterial isolates and in vitro antimicrobial resistance in 200 eyes. Veterinary Ophthalmology Epub ahead of print.
https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12985
Vernemmen, I., Van Steenkiste, G., Dufourni, A., Decloedt, A. & van
Loon, G. (2022) Transvenous electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in horses: Horse and procedural factors correlated with success and recurrence. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 36 (2), 758–769. Epub ahead of print.
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© 2022 EVJ Ltd
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