360


EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION / AE / july 2022


were compatible with the exercise executed. There were no significant differences in HR, RR or T in relation to status (healthy vs. EAS-positive). It has been widely accepted that poor performance is a feature in EAS (Cou€


etil et al. 2016),


although not necessarily in subclinical cases. As stated above, other authors have found evidence of airway inflammation in horses that were actively competing in racing (Ter Woort et al. 2018). These findings suggest that poor athletic performance might not be a requirement for diagnosis of mild-to-moderate asthma in horses. This work is the first to present cytological evidence of EAS


in Brazilian pacers fit to compete and to use post-exercise BALF cytology, especially the total cell count, in this population of horses to diagnose EAS.


Authors’ declaration of interests No conflicts of interest have been declared.


Ethical animal research


This study was approved by the Universidade Federal Fluminense Ethics Committee (CEUA-UFF) under the number 964/18.


Source of funding


The source of financial support received for research was provided by CAPES (Coordenac Pessoal de Nıvel Superior—Brasil).


 ~ ao de Aperfeic oamento de


Authorship J. Beling contributed to study design, study execution, data analysis and preparation of the manuscript. M.F. Costa and D. Lessa contributed to study design, data analysis and preparation of the manuscript. D. Santos and M. Parrini contributed to study execution. All authors gave their final approval of the manuscript.


Manufacturers’ addresses


1Becton Dickinson LTD. Cyro C. Pereira Street, 550, Curitiba - PR, Brazil. 2Olympus Optical do Brasil, Rocio Street, 430. Vila Olimpia Sao Paulo,


SP/Brazil. 3MILA International, Inc. 7984 Tanners Gate Lane, Florence, Kentucky


41042 USA.4 4Fanem, Arthur Carl Schmidt Street, 186-Cumbica, Guarulhos-SP/Brazil. 5Bioval, T-8 Street, 478-Sector Bueno, Goi^


ania-Goi as/Brazil. 6GraphPad Software, San Diego, California, USA, www.graphpad.com.


Burrell, M.H., Wood, J.L., Whitwell, K.E., Chanter, N., Mackintosh, M.E. and Mumford, J.A. (1996) Respiratory disease in thoroughbred horses in training: the relationships between disease and viruses, bacteria and environment. Vet. Rec. 139, 308-313.


Ciepiela, O., Ostafin, M. and Demkow, U. (2015) Neutrophils in asthma – a review. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 209, 13-16.


Clark, C.K., Lester, G.D., Vetro, T. and Rice, B. (1995) Bronchoalveolar lavage in horses: effect of exercise and repeated sampling on cytology. Aust. Vet. J. 72, 249-252.


Cou€ etil, L.L., Cardwell, J.M., Gerber, V., Lavoie, J.-P., L eguillette, R. and


Richard, E.A. (2016) Inflammatory airway disease of horses—revised consensus statement. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 30, 503-515.


Courouce-Malblanc, A., Deniau, V., Rossignol, F., Corde, R., Leleu, C., Maillard, K., Pitel, P.-H., Pronost, S. and Fortier, G. (2010) Physiological measurements and prevalence of lower airway diseases in Trotters with dorsal displacement of the soft palate. Equine Vet. J. 42, Suppl. 38, 246-255.


Cullimore, A.M., Secombe, C.J., Lester, G.D. and Robertson, I.D. (2018) Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology and airway hyper-reactivity in clinically normal horses. Aust. Vet. J. 96, 291-296.


Davis, K.U. and Sheats, M.K. (2019) Bronchoalveolar lavage cytology characteristics and seasonal changes in a herd of pastured teaching horses. Front. Vet. Sci. 6, 74.


Fairbairn, S.M., Page, C.P., Lees, P. and Cunningham, F.M. (1993) Early neutrophil but not eosinophil or platelet recruitment to the lungs of allergic horses following antigen exposure. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 23, 821-828.


Gerber, V., Lindberg, A., Berney, C. and Robinson, N.E. (2004a) Airway mucus in recurrent airway obstruction–short-term response to environmental challenge. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 18, 92-97.


Gerber, V., Robinson, N.E., Luethi, S., Marti, E., Wampfler, B. and Straub, R. (2003) Airway inflammation and mucus in two age groups of asymptomatic well-performing sport horses. Equine Vet. J. 35, 491-495.


Gerber, V., Straub, R., Marti, E., Hauptman, J., Herholz, C., King, M., Imhof, A., Tahon, L. and Robinson, N.E. (2004b) Endoscopic scoring of mucus quantity and quality: observer and horse variance and relationship to inflammation, mucus viscoelasticity and volume. Equine Vet. J. 36, 576-582.


Hinchcliff, K., Kaneps, A. and Geor, R. (2014) Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery: Basic and Clinical Sciences of the Equine Athlete, Saunders/Elsevier, Edinburgh.


Hoffman, A.M. (2008) Bronchoalveolar lavage: sampling technique and guidelines for cytologic preparation and interpretation. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 24, 423-435, vii–viii.


Hotchkiss, J.W., Reid, S.W.J. and Christley, R.M. (2007) A survey of horse owners in Great Britain regarding horses in their care. Part 2: risk factors for recurrent airway obstruction. Equine Vet. J. 39, 301-308.


Ivester, K.M., Cou€ etil, L.L., Moore, G.E., Zimmerman, N.J. and Raskin,


R.E. (2014) Environmental exposures and airway inflammation in young thoroughbred horses. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 28, 918-924.


Knottenbelt, D.C. (2009) Saunders Equine Formulary, 4th edn., Elsevier, Liverpool. 499p.


Lage, J., Fonseca, M.G., de Barros, G.G.M., Feringer-J References


Art, T., Desmecht, D., Amory, H., Delogne, O., Buchet, M., Leroy, P. and Lekeux, P. (1990) A field study of post-exercise values of blood biochemical constituents in jumping horses: relationship with score, individual and event. Zentralbl. Veterinarmed. A 37, 231-239.


Barbesgaard, L., Buhl, R. and Meldgaard, C. (2010) Prevalence of exercise-associated arrhythmias in normal performing dressage horses. Equine Vet. J. 42, Suppl. 38, 202-207.


Bullone, M. and Lavoie, J.-P. (2017) Science-in-brief: Equine asthma diagnosis: beyond bronchoalveolar lavage cytology. Equine Vet. J. 49, 263-265.


© 2021 EVJ Ltd unior, W.H.,


Pereira, G.T. and Ferraz, G.C. (2017) Workload of official contests, net cost of transport, and metabolic power of Mangalarga Marchador horses of marcha batida or picada gaits. J Anim Sci. 95(6), 2488–2495. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2016.1270


Lavoie, J.P., Maghni, K., Desnoyers, M., Taha, R., Martin, J.G. and Hamid, Q.A. (2001) Neutrophilic airway inflammation in horses with heaves is characterized by a Th2-type cytokine profile. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 164, 1410-1413.


Leclere, M., Lavoie-Lamoureux, A. and Lavoie, J.-P. (2011) Heaves, an asthma-like disease of horses. Respirol. Carlton Vic 16, 1027-1046.


Mazan, M.R. (2018) Lower airway disease in the athletic horse. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 34, 443-460.


Monteseirın, J. (2009) Neutrophils and asthma. J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol. 19, 340-354.


Continued on page 368


Page 1  |  Page 2  |  Page 3  |  Page 4  |  Page 5  |  Page 6  |  Page 7  |  Page 8  |  Page 9  |  Page 10  |  Page 11  |  Page 12  |  Page 13  |  Page 14  |  Page 15  |  Page 16  |  Page 17  |  Page 18  |  Page 19  |  Page 20  |  Page 21  |  Page 22  |  Page 23  |  Page 24  |  Page 25  |  Page 26  |  Page 27  |  Page 28  |  Page 29  |  Page 30  |  Page 31  |  Page 32  |  Page 33  |  Page 34  |  Page 35  |  Page 36  |  Page 37  |  Page 38  |  Page 39  |  Page 40  |  Page 41  |  Page 42  |  Page 43  |  Page 44  |  Page 45  |  Page 46  |  Page 47  |  Page 48  |  Page 49  |  Page 50  |  Page 51  |  Page 52  |  Page 53  |  Page 54  |  Page 55  |  Page 56  |  Page 57  |  Page 58  |  Page 59  |  Page 60  |  Page 61  |  Page 62  |  Page 63  |  Page 64  |  Page 65  |  Page 66  |  Page 67  |  Page 68  |  Page 69  |  Page 70  |  Page 71  |  Page 72  |  Page 73  |  Page 74  |  Page 75  |  Page 76  |  Page 77  |  Page 78  |  Page 79  |  Page 80  |  Page 81  |  Page 82  |  Page 83  |  Page 84  |  Page 85  |  Page 86  |  Page 87  |  Page 88