EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION / AE / MARCH 2015


149


TABLE 1: Continued Drugs


Romifidine Ketamine


Romifidine Diazepam Ketamine


Romifidine Midazolam Ketamine Romifidine Midazolam Ketamine


Xylazine Ketamine


Dose (mg/kg bwt)


0.1 2.2


0.1


0.02 2.2


0.08 0.06 2


20 mg (0.4 mg/ml) 15 (0.3 mg/ml)


500 (10 mg/ml) In 50 ml saline


CRI: 0.24 ml/kg bwt/h 1.1 2.2, 3 or 6


i.v., wait 5 min i.v.


15–20


Anaesthesia Smooth induction and recovery Muscle twitching, rapid nystagmus at 6 mg/kg bwt K


Xylazine


Butorphanol Ketamine


Xylazine


Diazepam Ketamine


Xylazine


Butorphanol Diazepam Ketamine


‘Equine Triple Drip’ Guaifenesin (5%) Xylazine


Ketamine 1.1


0.044, 0.1 or 0.2 2.2


0.3 or 1.1 0.05 or 0.1 2


1.1 0.01


0.02–0.04 2.2


50 mg/ml 0.5 mg/ml 1–2 mg/ml


Induction: 1.1 ml/kg bwt Maintenance: 2.75–4.5 ml/kg bwt/h


Guaifenesin Xylazine


Ketamine Xylazine


Methadone Ketamine


Xylazine


Midazolam Ketamine


Xylazine


Midazolam Ketamine


75


0.75 2


X: 2–4 mg/kg bwt/h K: 5–7 mg/kg bwt/h


1.1 0.1 2.2


500 mg 50 mg


2000 mg In 1 l saline Induction: 2.2 ml/kg bwt/h 1


0.1 2.2


X: 0.96 mg/kg bwt/h M: 0.12 mg/kg bwt/h K: 1.8 mg/kg bwt/h


CRI = constant rate infusion.


i.v. i.v.


i.v. CRI CRI CRI


-----


CRI for maintenance of anaesthesia


May require supplemental dose of K 0.2–0.4 mg/kg bwt


Smooth recovery (Hubbell et al. 2012)


i.v. i.v.


i.v. CRI CRI


i.v. i.v. i.v.


i.v. infusion ----- -----


i.v. i.v. i.v.


i.v. i.v. i.v.


i.v. i.v. i.v. i.v.


CRI


Arabian: 18 Belgian: 53 Appaloosa: 57 Mean: 38 ± 7


-----


Behavioural changes Enhanced muscle relaxation and analgesia


Supplemental ketamine: 200–750 mg


Good muscle relaxation Maintain with halothane


-----


Anaesthesia for horses less sensitive to XK


(Hubbell 2006, 2013)


(Muir et al. 1977) (Benson and Thurmon 1990)


Route


i.v., wait 5 min i.v.


i.v., wait 5 min i.v. i.v.


i.v. i.v. i.v.


CRI


Duration (min)


20.8 ± 2.3


Comments


Insufficient sedation and muscle relaxation


Transient muscle tremors and limb rigidity


-----


Better muscle relaxation than RK


25–40


Supplemental dose one-third of MK Smooth recovery Standing within 24.6 ± 8.5 min following discontinuation of CRI


Reference


(Diamond et al. 1993) (Taylor and Clarke 1999) (Kerr et al. 2004) (Hubbell 2013)


(Kerr et al. 1996)


(Bouts et al. 2002)


(Tranquilli et al. 1983) (Matthews et al. 1991b)


(Brock and Hildebrand 1990) (Matthews et al. 1991b)


49 −120


Surgical anaesthesia Use XK for induction in horses >450 kg Smooth recovery Better muscle relaxation and analgesia with 2 mg/ml K Decreased arterial pressures initially, hypoventilation at high infusion rate


Induction with GXK, followed by XK CRI


Can be used to maintain anaesthesia for 60–70 min


Satisfactory anaesthesia (Fisher 1984)


(Greene et al. 1986) (Lin et al. 1993)


(Mama et al. 2005)


-----


Maintenance of anaesthesia (Hubbell et al. 2012)


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