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154


EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION / AE / MARCH 2015


Lopez-Sanroman, F., Cruz, J., Santos, M., Mazzini, R., Tabanera, A. and Tendillo, F. (2003) Evaluation of the local analgesic effect of ketamine in the palmar digital nerve block at the base of the proximal sesamoid (abaxial sesamoid block) in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 64, 475-478.


Lucas, A., Firth, A., Anderson, G., Vine, J. and Edwards, G. (2001) Comparison of the effects of morphine administered by constant-rate intravenous infusion or intermittent intramuscular injection in dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass. 218, 884-891.


Lumb, P., Silvay, G.,Weinreich, A. and Shiang, H. (1979) A comparison of the effects of continuous ketamine infusion and halothane on oxygenation during one lung anesthesia in dogs. Can. Anaesth. Soc. J. 26, 394-401.


Luna, S., Massone, F., Castro, G., Fantoni, D., Hussni, C. and Aguiar, A. (1992) A combination of methotrimeprazine, midazolam and guaiphenesin, with and without ketamine, in an anaesthetic procedure for horses. Vet. Rec. 131, 33-35.


Mama, K.,Wagner, A., Steffey, E., Kollias-Baker, C., Hellyer, P., Golden, A. and Brevard, L. (2005) Evaluation of xylazine and ketamine for total intravenous anesthesia in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 66, 1002-1007.


Mankikian, B., Cantineau, J., Sartene, R., Clergue, F. and Viars, P. (1986) Ventilatory pattern and chest wall mechanics during ketamine anesthesia in humans. Anesthesiol. 65, 492-499.


Matthews, N., Dollars, N., Young, D. and Shawley, R. (1991a) Prolongation of xylazine/ketamine induced recumbency time with temazepam in horses. Equine Vet. J. 23, 8-10.


Matthews, N., Fielding, L. and Swinebroad, E. (2004) How to use a ketamine constant rate infusion in horses for analgesia. Proc. Am. Ass. Equine Practnrs. 50, 227-228.


Matthews, N., Hartsfield, S., Cornick, J., Williams, J. and Beasley, A. (1991b) A comparison of injectable anesthetic combinations in horses. Vet. Surg. 20, 268-273.


Matthews, N. and Taylor, T. (1992) Sedation and anesthesia of mules and donkeys. In: Current Therapy in Equine Medicine, 3rd edn., Ed: N.E. Robinson, WB Saunders, Philadelphia. p 101.


Matthews, N. and Taylor, T. (2000) Anesthetic management of donkeys and mules. In: Recent Advances in Anesthetic Management in Large Domestic Animals, Ed: E. Steffey, International Veterinary Information Service, Itheca, New York. http://www.IVIS. org


Matthews, N. and Taylor, T. (2002) Anesthesia of donkeys and mules: how they differ from horses. Proc. Am. Ass. Equine Practnrs. 48, 110-112.


Matthews, N., Taylor, T. and Hartsfield, S. (1992) Anaesthesia of donkeys and mules. Equine Vet. Educ. 9, 198-202.


Matthews, N., Taylor, T. and Sullivan, J. (2002) A comparison of three combinations of injectable anesthetics in miniature donkeys. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 29, 36.


Matthews, N. and Vandijk, P. (2004) Anesthesia and analgesia for donkeys. In: Veterinary Care of Donkeys, Eds: N. Matthews and T. Taylor, International Veterinary Information Service, Itheca, New York. http://www.IVIS. org


Muir, W. (2011) Equine local anesthesia and pain management. Proceedings of the 17th Congress of the Italian Association of Equine Veterinarians, Montesilvano, Italy. pp 134-138.


Muir, W., Skarda, R. and Milne, D. (1977) Evaluation of xylazine and ketamine hydrochloride for anesthesia in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 38, 195-201.


Nimmo, W. and Clements, J. (1984) Ketamine. In: Pharmacokinetics of Anesthesia, Eds: C. Prys-Raberts and C.C. Hug, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Boston, Massachusetts. p 235.


Olivar, T. and Laird, J. (1999) Differential effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockade on nociceptive somatic and visceral reflexes. Pain 79, 67-73.


Parsons, L. and Walmsley, J. (1982) Field use of an acetylpromazine/ methadone/ketamine combination for anaesthesia in the horse and donkey. Vet. Rec. 111, 395.


Pedersen, J., Galle, T. and Kehlet, H. (1998) Peripheral analgesic effects of ketamine in acute inflammatory pain. Anesthesiol. 89, 58-66.


Redua, M., Valadao, C., Duque, J. and Balestrero, L. (2002) The pre-emptive effects of epidural ketamine on wound sensitivity in horses tested by using von Frey filaments. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 29, 200-206.


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Reich, D. and Silvay, G. (1989) Ketamine: an update on the first twenty five years of clinical experience. Can. J. Anaesth. 36, 186-197.


Sakai, T., Ichiyama, T., Whitten, C., Gieseeke, A. and Lipton, J. (2000) Ketamine suppresses endotoxin-induced NF-KappaB expression. Can. J. Anaesth. 47, 1019-1024.


Salt, P., Barnes, P. and Beswick, F. (1979) Inhibition of neuronal and extraneuronal uptake of noradrenaline by ketamine in the isolated perfused rat heart. Br. J. Anaesth. 51, 835-838.


Sawyer, D., Rech, R. and Durham, R. (1990) Effects of ketamine and combination with acetylpromazine, diazepam or butorphanol on visceral nociception in the cat. In: Status of Ketamine in Anesthesiology, Ed: E.F. Domino, NPP Books, Ann Arbor, Michigan. pp 247-259.


Sawyer, D., Rech, R. and Durham, R. (1993) Does ketamine provide adequate visceral analgesia when used alone or in combination with acepromazine, diazepam, or butorphanol in cats? J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 29, 257.


Short, C. (1987) Dissociative anesthesia. In: Principles and Practice of Veterinary Anesthesia, Ed: C.E. Short, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland. pp 158-169.


Shulman, D., Beardsmore, C., Aronson, H. and Godfrey, S. (1985) The effects of ketamine on the functional residual capacity in young children. Anesthesiol. 62, 551-556.


Spadavecchia, C., Stucki, F., Moens, Y. and Schatzmann, U. (2002) Anaesthesia in horses using halothane and intravenous ketamine-guaiphenesin: a clinical study. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 29, 20.


Stoelting, R. and Hillier, S. (2006) Nonbarbiturate intravenous anesthetic drugs. In: Pharmacology and Physiology in Anesthetic Practice, 4th edn., Eds: R.K. Stoetling and S.C. Hillier, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. pp 153-178.


Stubhaug, A., Breivik, H., Eide, P., Kreunen, M. and Foss, A. (1997) Mapping of punctuate hyperalgesia around a ssurgical incision demonstrate that ketamine is a powerful suppressor of central sensitization to pain following surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 41, 1124-1132.


Taylor, P. and Clarke, K. (1999) Intravenous anaesthesia. In: Handbook of Equine Anaesthesia, Eds: P.M. Taylor and K.W. Clarke, WB Saunders, London, UK. pp 33-54.


Taylor, P., Luna, S., White, K., Bloomfield, M. and Fowden, A. (2001) Intravenous anaesthesia using detomidine, ketamine and guaiphenesin for laparotomy in pregnant pony mares. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 28, 119-125.


Thurmon, J., Ko, J., Benson, G., Tranquilli, W. and Olson, W. (1991) Guaifenesin-ketamine-detomidine anesthesia for castration of ponies: a preliminary report. In: International Congress of Veterinary Anesthesia, Utrecht, The Netherlands. p 48.


Tranquilli, W., Thurmon, J., Turner, T., Benson, G. and Lock, T. (1983) Butorphanol tartrate as an adjunct to xylazine ketamine anesthesia in the horse. Equine Pract. 5, 26.


Trawford, A. (2000) Anaesthesia in the field (including field castration). Proceedings of The Donkeys: A Unique Equid. pp 25-30.


Trim, C., Colbern, G. and Martin, C. (1985) Effect of xylazine and ketamine on intraocular pressure in horses. Vet. Rec. 17, 442-443.


Tweed, W., Minuck, M. and Mymin, D. (1972) Circulatory responses to ketamine anesthesia. Anesthesiol. 37, 613-619.


Wagner, A., Walton, J., Hellyer, P., Gaynor, J. and Mama, K. (2002) Use of low doses of ketamine administered by constant rate infusion as an adjunct for postoperativee analgesia in dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass. 221, 72-75.


Warncke, T., Jorum, E. and Stubhaug, A. (1997) Local treatment with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, ketamine, inhibits development of secondary hyperalgesia in man by a peripheral action. Neurosci. Lett. 227, 1-4.


Waxman, K., Shoemaker, W. and Lippmann, M. (1980) Cardiovascular effects of anesthetic induction with ketamine. Anesth. Analg. 59, 355-358.


Weiskopf, R., Townley, M., Riordan, K., Baysinger, M. and Mahoney, E. (1981) Comparison of cardiopulmonary responses to graded hemorrhage during enflurane, halothane, isoflurane, and ketamine anesthesia. Anesth. Analg. 60, 481-491.


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