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EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION / AE / MARCH 2015


3Virbac Corporation, Fort Worth, Texas, USA. 4Virbac Canada, Inc., Cambridge, Ontario, Canada. 5Elanco Animal Health, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK. 6Spalding Laboratories, Reno, Nevada, USA. 7Zoetis, Florham Park, New Jersey, USA. 8Dechra, Overland Park, Kansas, USA. 9Merial Limited, Duluth, Georgia, USA. 10Bayer HealthCare LLC, Animal Health Division, Shawnee Mission,


Kansas, USA. 11Neogen Corporation, Lexington, Kentucky, USA. 12Platinum Performance Inc., Buellton, California, USA. 13King Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Bristol, Tennessee, USA. 14Dolphin International Inc., Camdenton, Missouri, USA. 15Bacti-Labs, Mountain View, California, USA. 16Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, Indiana, USA. 17Cardinal Health Labs, Dublin, Ohio, USA. 18Astellas Pharma US Inc., Northbrook, Illinois, USA.


References


Bourdeau, P. and Baudry, J. (2005) [Pemphigus-type bullus dermatosis associated with pregnancy in a female donkey] [French]. Inform. Dermatol. Vet. 11, 19-24.


Busscher, J.F., van Duijkeren, E. and van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan, M.M. (2006) The prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci in healthy horses in the Netherlands. Vet. Microbiol. 113, 131-136.


Campagnolo, E.R., Trock, S.C., Hungerford, L.L., Shumaker, T.J., Teclaw, R., Miller, R.B., Nelson, H.A., Ross, F. and Reynolds, D. (1995) Outbreak of vesicular dermatitis among horses at a midwestern horse show. J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass. 1207, 211-213.


Fig 7: Ulceration due to vasculitis in a 5-year-old Thoroughbred stallion. All 4 legs were affected.


and lymphocytic/histiocytic. While statistically supported treatment recommendations could not be made due to the large numbers of confounding factors, trimethoprim-sulfa antibiotics, corticosteroids, and/or resolution or control of the underlying disease process were the most common treatment modalities. In some cases, avoiding sun exposure may be helpful (White et al. 2009). Treatment is the use of corticosteroids at relatively high


doses (1 mg/kg bwt q. 12 h of prednisolone, or dexamethasone 0.08–0.2 mg/kg bwt q. 24 h) for 2 weeks, then reduced over the next 4–6 weeks. Reducing UV light exposure is helpful, either by bandaging affected legs, stabling inside during daylight hours, or both. In some cases, topical corticosteroids (such as triamcinolone spray 0.015% [Genesis]3 or a 0.0584% hydrocortisone aceponate spray [Cortavance])4 may enable the horse to be weaned off of systemic corticosteroids. The author has also used pentoxifylline (10 mg/kg bwt, q. 12 h) as an adjunct treatment to good effect; another alternative (albeit more expensive) is the use of 0.1% tacrolimus ointment (Protopic)18 q. 24 h.


Miscellaneous


Rarely, internal organ dysfunction, especially involving the liver, may result in severe pruritus (Videos S1 and S2).


Author’s declaration of interests No conflicts of interest have been declared.


Manufacturers’ addresses 1Greer Veterinary Allergy, Lenoir, North Carolina, USA. 2MedZoneVet, Newark, Delaware, USA.


© 2015 EVJ Ltd


Chiers, K., Decostere, A., Devriese, L.A. and Haesebrouck, F. (2003) Bacteriological and mycological findings, and in vitro antibiotic sensitivity of pathogenic staphylococci in equine skin infections. Vet. Rec. 152, 138-141.


Crespo, M.J., Abarca, M.L. and Cabanes, F.J. (2002) Occurrence of Malassezia spp. in horses and domestic ruminants. Mycoses 45, 333-337.


Davis, J.L., Salmon, J.H. and Papich, M.G. (2006) Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of doxycycline after oral administration of single and multiple doses in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 67, 310-316.


Devriese, L.A., Vancanneyt, M., Baele, M., Vaneechoutte, M., De Graef, E., Snauwaert, C., Cleenwerck, I., Dawyndt, P., Swings, J., Decostere, A. and Haesebrouck, F. (2005) Staphylococcus pseudintermedius sp. nov., a coagulase-positive species from animals. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 1569-1573.


Dirikolu, L., Lehner, A.F., Harkins, J.D.,Woods,W.E., Karpiesiuk,W., Gates, R.S., Fisher, M. and Tobin, T. (2009) Pyrilamine in the horse: detection and pharmacokinetics of pyrilamine and its major urinary metabolite O-desmethylpyrilamine. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 32, 66-78.


Egerbacher, M., Edinger, J. and Tschulenk, W. (2001) Effects of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride on canine and equine chondrocytes in culture. Am. J. Vet. Res. 62, 704-708.


Epstein, K., Cohen, N., Boothe, D., Nieuwoudt, C. and Chandler, J. (2004) Pharmacokinetics, stability, and retrospective analysis of use of an oral gel formulation of the bovine injectable enrofloxacin in horses. Vet. Ther. 5, 155-167.


Foley, J.P. and Legendre, A.M. (1992) Treatment of coccidioidomycosis osteomyelitis with itraconazole in a horse. A brief report. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 6, 333-334.


Gräser, Y., Kuijpers, A.F., El Fari, M., Presber,W. and de Hoog, G.S. (2000) Molecular and conventional taxonomy of the Microsporum canis complex. Med. Mycol. 38, 143-153.


Heffner, K.A., White, S.D., Frevert, C.W. and Jakowski, R. (1988) Corynebacterium folliculitis in a horse. J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass. 193, 89-90.


Hellberg, W., Wilson, A.D., Mellor, P., Doherr, M.G., Torsteinsdottir, S., Zurbriggen, A., Jungi, T. and Marti, E. (2006) Equine insect bite hypersensitivity: immunoblot analysis of IgE and IgG subclass responses to Culicoides nubeculosus salivary gland extract. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 113, 99-112.


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