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EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION / AE / MARCH 2016
TABLE 1: Median and range of biochemical reference values for donkeys and % of a subsample (n = 40) which fall within other stated biochemical RIs
Analyte
Trig (mmol/l) CPK (iu/l) AST (iu/l) GGT (iu/l) GLDH iu/l ALP (iu/l)
Bile acids (lmol/l) TBil (lmol/l) TP (g/l)
Alb (g/l) Glob (g/l)
Creat (lmol/l) Urea (mmol/l) Amy (iu/l) Lip (iu/l)
Ca (mmol/l) Na (mmol/l) K (mmol/l) Cl (mmol/l)
Chol (mmol/l)
Lower limit (CI) 0.6 (0.4–0.67)
128 (124–132) 238 (192–251) 14 (12–17)
1.2 (0.7–31.3) 98 (83–101) 2.6 (1.3–3.8) 0.1 (0.0–0.3) 58 (54–58) 21.5 (20–22) 32 (30–33) 53 (31–62) 1.5 (1–1.8) 1 (1–1)
7.8 (6.8–8.2) 2.2 (2.1–2.3) 128 (127–128) 3.2 (2.6–3.5) 96 (94–97) 1.4 (1.4–1.5)
Upper limit (CI) 2.8 (2.6–8.4)
525 (410–813) 536 (508–595) 69 (58–87) 8.2 (6.3–9.6) 252 (234–270) 18.6 (17.2–19.8) 3.7 (3.3–4.2) 76 (75–77)
31.6 (31–34.2) 48 (47–51)
118 (115–135) 5.2 (4.9–6.3) 10.6 (9–13)
27.3 (25.5–39.9) 3.4 (3.5–3.7) 138 (137–139) 5.1 (4.9–5.3) 106 (105–107) 2.9 (2.7–3.1)
Median 1.4
208 362 24
2.5 152
10.2 1.6
65 26 38 87
3.2 4
12.9 3
133 4.3
102 2
Sample size 138
137 137 138 136 138 84
138 138 137 137 138 138 137 138 118 137 137 136 137
1
48% 83% 38% 88%
97%* 35% 25% 0%
95%* 35% 48% 60% 83% 85%
100%* 55% 50%
95%* 53% 53%
2
100%* 98%* 68%
100%* 100%* 50%
100%* 70%
100%* 100%* 100%* 100%* 95%*
100%* 100%* N/A 83% 58%
100%* 100%*
3
N/A 45%
100%* 63% N/A N/A N/A 68%
93%* 25%
100%* 23% 70% N/A N/A 15%
100%* 43%
100%* N/A
1 = Anonymous (2011a); 2 = French and Patrick (1995) and Svendsen (2008); 3 = de Aluja et al. (2006), N/A means this parameter was not available for assessment. NB: ASCVP guidelines state that RIs with ≥90% agreement are acceptable for transference between populations/laboratories. Where <90% of values fall outside of the RI the transference of the RI is rejected. * RIs indicating acceptable agreement for transference.
TABLE 2: Median and range of haematological reference values for donkeys and % of a subsample (n = 40) which fall within other stated haematological RIs
Analyte
RBC (1012/l) PCV (%) Hb (g/l)
MCH (pg) MCHC (g/l) MCV (fl) Neu (%)
Neu T (109/l) Eos (%)
Eos T (109/l) Bas (%)
Bas T (109/l) Lym (%)
Lym T (109/l) Mon (%)
Mon T (109/l)
Platelets (109/l) RDW (%)
Lower limit (CI) 4.4 (4.2–4.6)
27 (25–28) 89 (85–93)
17.6 (15.9–18.4) 310 (286–313) 53 (49.5–54.7) 23 (13.5–26.9) 2.4 (0.9–2.5) 0.94 (0.3–1.3) 0.1 (0.02–0.1) 0 (0-0) 0 (0–0)
34 (31.7–37.6) 2.2 (1.4–3.0) 0 (0–0) 0 (0–0)
95 (75–100) 16.1 (16.0–16.5)
Upper limit (CI) 7.1 (6.6–8.4)
42 (40–46)
147 (138–156) 23.1 (22.7–24) 370 (363–376) 67 (66.1–71.0) 59 (53.7–60.0) 6.3 (6.0–6.9) 9.1 (8.3–12.8) 0.9 (0.85–1.2) 0.5 (0.45–1.4)
0.066 (0.06–0.13) 69 (67.4–84.4) 9.6 (8.3–10.7) 7.5 (6–10.3)
0.75 (0.61–1.1) 384 (360–467) 22 (21.3–22.3)
Median Sample size 5.5
33 110 20.6
340 60
38.3 3.7 4.0 0.4
0.05 0.005 54
5.7 3.0
0.30 201 18.3
137 137 137 137 137 137 138 138 138 138 138 138 138 138 138 138 137 137
1
68% 65% 8%
65% 0%
2
8% 100%* 90%* 95%* 93%* 95%* 93%*
0% 100%* 60% 100%* 35% 100%* 58% 100%* N/A 100%* N/A 100%* 3% 5%
68%
95%* 90%* 88%
35% 100%* 53% N/A
N/A N/A
3 38% 4 98%*
30% 100%* N/A N/A N/A
0%
93%* 98%*
78% 100%* N/A
100%* N/A
100%* N/A 63% N/A 40% N/A
100%* 48% N/A
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1 = Anonymous (2011a); 2 = French and Patrick (1995) and Svendsen (2008); 3 = de Aluja et al. (2006); 4 = Lemma and Moges (2009), N/A means this parameter was not available for assessment. NB: ASCVP guidelines state that RIs with ≥90% agreement are acceptable for transference between populations/laboratories. Where <90% of values fall outside of the RI the transference of the RI is rejected. * RIs indicating acceptable agreement for transference.
those established for mature, non-Thoroughbred horses (Anonymous 2011a); 15/18 haematological and 14/19 biochemical RIs were transferrable between previous donkey RIs and these RIs; 3/10 haematological and 5/13 biochemical RIs were transferrable between these RIs and those established for donkeys in Mexico and 5/6 haematological RIs were transferrable with RIs established for donkeys in Ethiopia.
Discussion
This study, undertaken at the diagnostic laboratory of the Donkey Sanctuary, evaluates haematological and serum biochemical parameters of mature, clinically healthy donkeys resident in the UK. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the most comprehensive set of reference interval data published for the domestic donkey under these conditions, although other
© 2015 The Donkey Sanctuary. Equine Veterinary Education published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. on behalf of EVJ Ltd.
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