● Tooth numbers and anatomy (missing teeth, supernumerary teeth, malformation of teeth, malpositioned teeth, tooth resorption, hyperce- mentosis, blunting/clubbing of tooth roots).
● Alveolar anatomy, including the width of the periodontal ligament space, height of the alve- olar margin, thickness, and radiopacity of the periapical alveolar bone (alveolar sclerosis or lysis).
The following cases demonstrate various radio- graphic signs of dental and paradental sinus dis-
ease. In many cases, the physical examination and oral exam will identify the diseased tooth/teeth. The first case is a horse without clinical signs in which defects over multiple pulp horns were identi- fied on examination of the oral cavity with a rigid endoscope (1 cm diameter rigid laparoscope with a 45° lens). The second case is illustrative of a situ- ation where there was facial swelling rostral to the facial crest, but the oral exam was unremarkable. In this case, the radiographic signs were more sub- tle, and obtaining the normal side for comparison was important. The third case is a horse that also had no clinical signs and on routine oral exam a fractured maxillary first molar was discovered. Radiographs were important in ruling out sinus in- fection and guiding minimally invasive transbuccal
