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using flexion and extension positioning for horses with suspected digital sheath injury.
Musculoskeletal problems in cutting horses
This study by Tamara Swor and colleagues in the USA investigated musculoskeletal problems associated with lameness and poor performance in cutting horses. Medical records of 200 client-owned cutting horses
examined for lameness or poor performance at the Texas A&M University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital over a 9-year period were reviewed. Data collected included
signalment, history, physical and lameness examination findings, diagnostic procedure results, diagnosis and treatment. Distribution of observed proportions of forelimb and hindlimb involvement was compared with a hypothetical distribution of 50% by means of a v2 test. More horses were examined because of a recent
decrease in performance (116/200; 58%) than for lameness (84; 42%). All horses had at least one lame limb, with lameness affecting a total of 281 limbs. Of the 281 lame limbs, 189 (67%) were hindlimbs and 92 (33%) were forelimbs. These proportions were substantially different from a hypothetical distribution of 50% hindlimbs and 50% forelimbs. The most common performance change was that horses would not reverse direction to follow prespecified individual cattle and the most common cause of lameness was pain in the stifle joint region (n = 69; 35%). Cutting horses sustained more hindlimb problems than
forelimb musculoskeletal problems and although these horses were more likely to be examined for decreased performance than lameness, veterinarians should be vigilant for problems affecting the stifle joint region.
Enrofloxacin in pregnancy fluids
This study by Robyn Ellerbrock and colleagues in the USA investigated the concentration of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in pregnancy fluids when administered during late-term pregnancy, in addition to assessing the effect on fetal articular cartilage. Sixteen healthy pregnant mares at 260 days gestation
were randomly allocated into one of the three groups: control (no treatment; n = 3), enrofloxacin 5 mg/kg bwt i.v. (recommended therapeutic dose; n = 7) and enrofloxacin 10 mg/kg bwt i.v. (supratherapeutic dose; n = 6). Enrofloxacin
was administered s.i.d. for 11 days. Amniotic and allantoic fluids were sampled on days 1, 5 and 11 and blood samples were obtained every day. On day 11, abortion was induced by manual cervical
dilation and the fetuses were euthanaised following delivery. Fetal articular cartilage was examined macroscopically and histologically for lesions. Concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in samples were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin reached fetal circulation
and accumulated in the pregnancy fluids, reaching the minimum inhibitory concentrations for common pathogens in all fluids. No differences were seen in fetal serum biochemistry values between the control and treatment groups. No lesions were noted on gross inspection of any fetal articular surface and no major abnormal findings were observed on histological evaluation. These findings indicate that enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin are detectable in the fetus
References
Ellerbrock, R.E., Canisso, I.F., Roady, P.J., Rothrock, L.T., Zhong, L., Wilkins, P., Dirikolu, L., Lima, F.S. and Honoroto, J. (2019) Diffusion of enrofloxacin to pregnancy fluids and effects on fetal cartilage after intravenous administration to late pregnant mares. Equine Vet. J. Epub ahead of print;
https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13044.
Garcia da Fonseca, R.M., Evrard, L., Rabba, S., Salciccia, A. and Busoni, V. (2019) Dynamic flexion/extension and non-weight bearing ultrasonography is helpful for identifying manica flexoria tears in horses. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound. 60, 65-74.
Gonz alez-Medina, S., Montesso, F., Chang, Y.-M., Hyde, C. and Piercy, R.J.
(2019) Atypical myopathy-associated hypoglycin A toxin remains in sycamore seedlings despite mowing, herbicidal spraying or storage in hay and silage. Equine Vet. J. Epub ahead of print;
https://doi.org/10. 1111/evj.13070.
Kilcoyne, I., Nieto, J.E. and Dechant, J.E. (2019) Predictive value of plasma and peritoneal creatine kinase in horses with strangulating intestinal lesions. Vet. Surg. 48, 152-158.
Pollard, D., Wylie, C.E., Verheyen, K.L.P. and Newton, J.R. (2019) Identification of modifiable factors associated with owner-reported equine laminitis in Britain using a web-based cohort study approach. BMC Vet. Res. 15, 59.
Sutton, G.A., Atamna, R., Steinman, A. and Mair, T.S. (2019) Comparison of three acute colic pain scales: Reliability, validity and usability. Vet. J. 246, 71-77.
Swor, T.M., Dabareiner, R.M., Honnas, C.M., Cohen, N.D. and Black, J.B. (2019) Musculoskeletal problems associated with lameness and poor performance in cutting horses: 200 cases (2007–2015). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 254, 619-625.
© 2019 EVJ Ltd
and fetal fluids after administration to late-term mares but do not result in detectable effects on foal cartilage.
Comparison of three acute colic pain scales
A valid, reliable and usable scale for assessing severity of acute abdominal pain in horses is needed. In this study Gila Sutton and colleagues in Israel and the UK compared three different scales: (1) the equine acute abdominal pain scale (EAAPS); (2) a scale described by Mair and Smith (2005; M and S); and (3) a numerical rating scale (NRS). Forty brief films of horses (35 colic cases and five control
horses) were randomly presented to 46 equine veterinarians from different countries. Participants were randomly divided into three groups and each used one scale. Five randomly selected films were shown twice to determine intraobserver reliability. Speed, ease of use and face validity of the scales were evaluated based on expert opinion. The response rate was excellent: 89% for the EAAPS (16/
18) and 100% for the M and S (18/18) and NRS groups (10/10). The intraclass correlation (ICC) of 0.86 for EAAPS indicated significantly better interobserver reliability compared to 0.68 for the M and S and 0.71 for the NRS. Moreover, intraobserver reliability of EAAPS (weighted j 0.95) was superior to the other scales (weighted j 0.78, 0.77, for the M and S and NRS respectively). Other validity measures (convergent, extreme
group, predictive validities), usability (time taken to score the films – speed) and the ease of use of the scales were not significantly different. Face validity (endorsement by experts) was better for the M and S scale than for the EAAPS. The EAAPS showed superior reliability, the M and S scale showed better face validity, with comparable usability and other tests of validity.
S. WRIGHT EVE Editorial Office
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