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radiopacity of the nasal region noted in the pony heads made the identification of the borders of the bullae, in particular of the VCB, more challenging. This could be due to the more ‘dome shaped’ head and different nasal profile characteristics of these breeds or could be another age related variation, as the three pony heads were all included in the >5 years group. It is possible that the DCB and VCB may be more readily identifiable in younger ponies, and this variation could be investigated further. In two heads, fluid lines or soft tissue opacities were visible
within the bullae on plain lateral and latero30°dorsal- lateroventral oblique radiographic projections. Following excision of the medial wall of the bullae, a quantity of blood- tinged fluid and an organised blood clot were found within them. These findings were deemed to be related to post-mortem change rather than disease; however, they
offered a useful model for the radiographic evaluation of fluid or soft tissue masses within the bullae. The VCB seems to be more predisposed than the DCB to
develop empyema (80% of nasal conchal bullae pathology was related to VCB disease [Dixon et al. 2015; ]); therefore, poor visualisation of this structure, whether breed or age related, could result in unsuccessful radiographic diagnosis of VCB disease. Mild variations in location and size between bullae of the right and the left sides are deemed to be a normal finding. In fact, their anatomy is usually very similar, but never identical (Froydenlund et al. 2015). In this study, it was also noted that the mucosal folds that delineate the rostral border of the VCB could present some differences in shape and thickness between individual horses. Recognition of these normal variations is crucial to prevent misdiagnosis of bullae disease. In conclusion, this study has shown that on plain
radiographs the DCB and the VCB may be visualised in the majority of horses, that the rostral and the caudal limits of the DCB may be located with accuracy in the majority of horses regardless of age and type and that the rostral limits of the VCB may be established in the majority of adult horses. Radiographic case studies of clinically affected horses would be a useful follow-up to this paper.
Authors’ declaration of interests No conflicts of interest have been declared.
Ethical animal research Not applicable.
Source of funding None.
Authorship
This study was designed by S. Barakzai and executed by A. Giavitto. The analysis and interpretation of the data and the preparation of the manuscript was performed by both authors. The final manuscript was approved by both authors.
Manufacturers' addresses
1Poskom Co., Ltd., Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea. 2Canon Inc., Ohta-Ku, Tokyo, Japan. 3Sound VCA Company, Carlsbad, California, USA. 4Pixmeo SARL, Bernex, Switzerland.
References
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