238
EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION / AE / MAY 2019
TABLE 2: Biochemical profile of the horses that died in the mycotoxicosis episode
Normal range (Gupta
Parameters
Gamma–glutamyl transferase (GGT) ((U/L) n = 11
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ((U/L)) n = 6
Aspartate
amino-transferase (AST) ((U/L)) n = 7 Albumin (g/L) n = 8
Mean SE (Range) 164 40 (48–575)
442 37 (281–546) 381 74 (107–750) 30.6 2.4 (20.0–40.0)
Bilirubin direct n = 8(lmol/L)
Urea (BUN) (mmol/L) n = 9
Creatinine (lmol/L) n = 8
CK (U/L) n = 1
Total protein (g/L) n = 9 75.4 5.3 (52.0–104.9) 42.08 9.58 (16.42–89.62) 11.29 1.21 (3.76–17.10) 11.98 1.85 (6.32–24.45)
Bilirubin total (lmol/L) n = 8
et al. 2002) 5.0–21
107–210 251–452 Parameters LDH (U/L) n = 3
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (U/L) n = 8
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) n = 3
25.1–36.5 HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) n = 3
68.6–99.8
Triglyceride (mmol/L) n = 4
10.26–30.79 Phosphorus (mmol/L) n = 3
1.88–17.79 Calcium (mmol/L) n = 1
95.47 10.61 (61.88–161.77) 68.95–114.04 Total iron-binding capacity(lmol/L)
n = 3 97.2 CK (U/L) n =162
TABLE 3: Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels from a random sample of horses at the time of last case seen and 2 years later All stock random after 2 years
of discontinuation of pearl millet fodder
All stock random at the time of identification of high mycotoxins in pearl millet fodder Mean SE (Range) n = 66
GGT levels (U/L) 83.15 10.23 (14–428)
TABLE 4: Levels of mycotoxins in the feed and fodder Name of mycotoxin
Concentrate feed
Aflatoxin-B1 Aflatoxin- B2 Aflatoxin-G1 Aflatoxin-G2 Ochratoxin T-2 Toxin Citrinin
Zearalenone
12 ppb 12 ppb nil nil nil nil nil nil
Fodder
(Pearl millet) 1 50 ppb
20 ppb nil nil nil nil nil nil
Mean SE (Range) n = 53, (Excluding seven
animals showing clinical signs of chronic liver disorder)
20.17 1.18 (5–51) Horses with chronic liver
disorder after 2 years without pearl millet fodder
Mean SE (Range) n = 7 98 18 (50–169)
Transferrin saturation (%) n = 3
54 5.03 (48–64)
Mean SE (Range) 300 151 (86–728)
154 34 (16.6–260) 4.12 0.78 (2.59–5.10)
1.63 0.41 (0.79–2.10) 1.51 0.10 (1.22–1.78) 1.20 0.36 (0.68–1.91)
3.27
8.92–15.71 Iron (lmol/L) n = 3 23.63 1.97 (20.59–27.39) 43.85 1.91 (41.35–47.61)
Normal range (Gupta
et al. 2002) 374–519
12–56 1.17–2.12 0.65–0.73 0.12–0.78 1.01–1.37 1.78–2.66
Fodder
(Pearl millet) 2 25 ppb
20 ppb nil nil nil nil nil nil
Fodder
(Pearl millet) 3,4 12 ppb
12 ppb nil nil nil nil nil nil
nil nil nil nil nil nil nil
Fodder
(Pearl millet) 5,6 12 ppb
Sewan hay
Sorghum hay Water
12 ppb 12 ppb Nitrite 12 ppb nil nil nil nil nil nil nil
nil
nil nil nil nil nil nil
Tests for mycotoxins and water were conducted by the Animal Feed Analytical and Quality Assurance Laboratory, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal - 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India, on payment basis.
recommended limit of 20 ppb for horses (Greene and Oehme 1976). Aflatoxin levels in two samples were excessively high; one sample contained 70 ppb aflatoxins (50 B1 + 20 B2) while the other contained 45 ppb (25 B1 + 20 B2). Laboratory confirmation of aflatoxins led to the immediate discontinuation of pearl millet fodder from the diet.
© 2017 EVJ Ltd
Blood biochemistry Serum biochemical analyses (Table 2) for the clinically sick horses exhibited abnormally high levels of gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) (mean = 164 (U/L), range 48 to 575 (U/L)). Simultaneously, serum GGT levels of 66 randomly selected accompanying horses (Table 3) were also higher than the
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