EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION / AE / MAY 2019


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a) FS


a)


DCB VCB VNC VCS


DCS RMS


b) DCB b) DCS


VCB VCS


Fig 3: a) Latero-lateral radiographic projection of a cadaver equine head and b) the medial aspect of the right side of the same equine head following excision of the nasal septum, the medial wall of both nasal conchae and the medial wall of the dorsal conchal bulla (DCB) and ventral conchal bulla (VCB). The dorsal conchal sinus (DCS), the ventral conchal sinus (VCS), the ventral nasal concha (VNC), the frontal sinus (FS) and the rostral maxillary sinus (RMS) are also visible. The blue arrowheads indicate the mucosal folds that delineate the rostral limit of both bullae.


The heads of three ponies subjectively had a diffuse


increased radiopacity in the rostral nasal regions compared to horse heads, which resulted in loss of contrast at the limits of the VCB and DCB (Fig 2). Eight out of 10 cadaver heads had symmetrically sized


and symmetrically positioned nasal conchal bullae. One head (pony aged >5 years) had symmetrically shaped but asymmetrically located nasal conchal bullae, with both the right DCB and right VCB positioned approximately 1/3 more caudal than the contralateral left bullae. One head (horse aged >5 years) had a left DCB approximately 1/3 smaller (rostrocaudally) than the contralateral side. In two cases, a rounded soft tissue radiopacity, and/or a


clear fluid line(s) was visible within the DCB (n = 1) or DCB and VCB (n = 1) on plain laterolateral (Fig 6) and latero30°dorsal- lateroventral oblique radiographic projections. Excision of the medial wall of the bullae showed the presence of blood- tinged fluid and/or a solid blood clot within these structures. Additionally, some variation was observed in the thickness


and shape of the mucosal fold rostral to the VCB (Fig 2). This fold was visible in all the cadaver heads and was generally larger and roughly triangular shaped, with the base of the triangle at the caudal aspect, adjacent to the rostral aspect of the VCB, and the apex of the triangle extending rostrally as a soft tissue opacity band that thinned progressively as it coursed rostrally.


a) b)


Fig 4: Right-to-left latero30°dorsal-lateroventral oblique radiographic projections of the same equine head before and after the placement of the wires. The thicker wirewaspositioned intotherightDCBandVCB.


Fig 5: Dorsoventral radiographic projections of the same equine head before a) and after b) the placement of stainless steel wires in the DCB (blue arrowheads) and VCB (red arrowheads). The white arrowheads in image a) indicate the medial and caudal margins of the left DCB. The VCB is not easily visible on the dorsoventral views due to superimposition of the cheek teeth. Note the air artefact in the midline of these radiographs due to sagittal section of the skulls.


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