HOW-TO SESSION: OPHTHALMOLOGY
6. Peiffer RL Jr, Wilcock BP, Yin H. The pathogenesis and significance of pre-iridal fibrovascular membrane in domestic animals. Vet Pathol 1990;27:41–45.
7. Barnett KC, Cottrell BD, Paterson BW, et al. Buphthalmos in a Thoroughbred foal. Equine Vet J 1988;20:132–135.
8. Gelatt KN. Glaucoma and lens luxation in a foal. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1973;68:261.
9. Samuelson DA. Ophthalmic anatomy. In: Gelatt KN, edi- tor. Veterinary Ophthalmology. 4th edition. Ames, Io- wa: Blackwell Publishing; 2007:37–148.
10. Samuelson D, Smith P, Brooks D. Morphologic features of the aqueous humor drainage pathways in horses. Am J Vet Res 1989;50:720–727.
11. Smith P, Samuelson D, Brooks D. Aqueous drainage paths in the equine eye: scanning electron microscopy of corrosion cast. J Morphol 1988;198:33–42.
12. Sedacca K, Samuelson D, Lewis P. Examination of the an- terior uveoscleral pathway in domestic species. Vet Oph- thalmol 2012;15(Suppl 1):1–7.
Fig. 10. Photograph of a chemical ciliary body ablation per- formed on the left eye of a horse with vision loss and elevated IOP secondary to chronic glaucoma.
13. Smith PJ, Samuelson DA, Brooks DE, et al. Unconventional aqueous humor outflow of microspheres perfused into the equine eye. Am J Vet Res 1986;47:2445–2453.
14. Brooks DE, Blocker TL, Samuelson DA, et al. Histomor- phometry of the optic nerves of normal horses and horses with glaucoma. Vet Comp Ophthalmol 1995;5:193–210.
traorbital prosthesis.38,39 Chemical ciliary body ablation can be used to decrease aqueous humor production and induce shrinkage of the globe (phthi- sis bulbi).40 Intravitreal injection of 50 to 75 mg of gentamicin sulfate results in necrosis of the ciliary body with long-term reduction of IOP. Intravitreal injection can be performed in the sedated horse with the use of topical anesthesia; a retrobulbar block may be necessary. After the application of topical anesthesia, a 22- to 25-g needle should be positioned 10 to 12mmposterior to the dorsolateral limbus and aimed toward the optic nerve (Fig. 10). Ensuring the appropriate angle of the needle is essential to avoid lacerating the posterior lens capsule during intravitreal injection, because intractable uveitis probably will result. If IOP is elevated at the time of injection, aqueous paracentesis should be per- formed first to lower IOP into a normal range and prevent further IOP elevation. Tonometry should be performed after injection, and, if the IOP is still elevated, the aqueous paracentesis should be repeated.
References and Footnotes
1. Annear MJ, Wilkie DA, Gemensky-Metzler AJ. Semicon- ductor diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation for the treatment of glaucoma in horses: a retrospective study of 42 eyes. Vet Ophthalmol 2010;13:204–209.
2. Cullen CL, Grahn BH. Equine glaucoma: a retrospective study of 13 cases presented at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine from 1992 to 1999. Can Vet J 2000;41:470–480.
3. Miller TR, Brooks DE, Gelatt KN, et al. Equine glaucoma: clinical findings and response to treatment in 14 horses. Vet Comp Ophthalmol 1995;5:170–182.
4. Wilcock BP, Brooks DE, Latimer CA. Glaucoma in horses. Vet Pathol 1991;28:74–78.
5. Gilger BC, Wilkie DA, Clode AB, et al. Long-term outcome after implantation of a suprachoroidal cyclosporine drug de- livery device in horses with recurrent uveitis. Vet Ophthal- mol 2010;13:294–300.
15. De Geest JP, Lauwers H, Simoens P, et al. The morphology of the equine iridocorneal angle: a light and scanning elec- tron microscopic study. Equine Vet J Suppl Sept 1990;(10): 30–35.
16. Latimer CA, Wyman M. Neonatal ophthalmology. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1985;1:235–259.
17. Davidson HJ, Blanchard GL, Wheeler CA, et al. Anterior uveal melanoma, with secondary keratitis, cataract, and glau- coma, in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991;199:1049–1050.
18. McClure JR Jr, Gelatt KN, Gum GG, et al. The effect of par- enteral acepromazine and xylazine on intraocular pressure in the horse. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1976;71:1727–1730.
19. van der Woerdt A, Gilger BC, Wilkie DA, et al. Effect of auriculopalpebral nerve block and intravenous administra- tion of xylazine on intraocular pressure and corneal thickness in horses. Am J Vet Res 1995;56:155–158.
20. Komaromy AM, Garg CD, Ying GS, et al. Effect of head position on intraocular pressure in horses. Am J Vet Res 2006;67:1232–1235.
21. Andrade SF, Kupper DS, Pinho LF, et al. Evaluation of the Perkins handheld applanation tonometer in horses and cat- tle. J Vet Sci 2011;12:171–176.
22. Dziezyc J, Millichamp NJ, Smith WB. Comparison of appla- nation tonometers in dogs and horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992;201:430–433.
23. Knollinger AM, La Croix NC, Barrett PM, et al. Evaluation of a rebound tonometer for measuring intraocular pressure in dogs and horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;227:244–248.
24. Frauenfelder HC, Vestre WA. Cryosurgical treatment of glaucoma in a horse. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1981;76: 183–186.
25. Herring IP, Pickett JP, Champagne ES, et al. Effect of topical 1% atropine sulfate on intraocular pressure in normal horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2000;3:139–143.
26. Mughannam AJ, Buyukmihci NC, Kass PH. Effect of topi- cal atropine on intraocular pressure and pupil diameter in the normal horse eye. Vet Ophthalmol 1999;2:213–215.
27. Wilkie DA. Equine glaucoma: state of the art. Equine Vet J Suppl March 2010;37:62–68.
28. Van Der Woerdt A, Wilkie DA, Gilger BC, et al. Effect of single- and multiple-dose 0.5% timolol maleate on intraocular pressure and pupil size in female horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2000;3:165–168.
29. Willis AM, Robbin TE, Hoshaw-Woodard S, et al. Effect of topical administration of 2% dorzlamide hydrochloride or 2% dorzlamide hydrochloride-0.5% timolol maleate on intraocu- lar pressure in clinically normal horses. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62:709–713.
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