IN-DEPTH: GERIATRIC MEDICINE/METABOLICS
factors for pasture-associated laminitis in ponies. JAmVet Med Assoc 2006;228:1538–1545.
6. Bailey SR, Habershon-Butcher JL, Ransom KJ, et al. Hy- pertension and insulin resistance in a mixed-breed popula- tion of ponies predisposed to laminitis. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:122–129.
7. Carter RA, Treiber KH, Geor RJ, et al. Prediction of incip- ient pasture-associated laminitis from hyperinsulinaemia, hyperleptinaemia and generalized and localized obesity in a cohort of ponies. Equine Vet J 2009;41:171–178.
8. Frank N, Elliott SB, Brandt LE, et al. Physical character- istics, blood hormone concentrations, and plasma lipid con- centrations in obese horses with insulin resistance. JAm Vet Med Assoc 2006;228:1383–1390.
9. Bailey SR, Menzies-Gow NJ, Harris PA et al. Effect of di- etary fructan and dexamethasone on the insulin response of ponies predisposed to laminitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 231:1365–1373.
10. Treiber KH, Hess TM, Kronfeld DS, et al. Insulin resistance and compensation in laminitis-predisposed ponies character- ized by the Minimal Model. Pferdeheilkunde 2005;21:91–92.
11. Pleasant RS, Suagee JK, Thatcher CD, et al. Adiposity, plasma insulin, leptin, lipids, and oxidative stress in mature light-breed horses. J Vet Int Med 2013;27:576–582.
12. McGowan CM, Geor RJ, McGowan TW. Prevalence and risk factors for hyperinsulinemia in ponies. J Vet Int Med 2008; 22:734 [abstract].
13. Shanik MH, Danker R, Xu Y, et al. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia: is hyperinsulinemia the cart or the horse? Diabetes Care 2008;31(Suppl 2):S262–S268.
14. Duckworth WC, Bennett RG, Hamel FG. Insulin degrada- tion: progress and potential. Endocr Rev 1998;19:136–142.
15. Jones CN, Abbasi F, Carantoni M, et al. Roles of insulin resistance and obesity in regulation of plasma insulin con- centrations. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000;278: E501–E508.
16. Kim SP, Ellmerer M, Kirkman EL, et al. Beta-cell “rest” accompanies reduced first-pass hepatic insulin clearance in the insulin-resistant, fat-fed canine model. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007;292:E1581–E1589.
17. Toth F, Frank N, Martin-Jiminez T, et al. Measurement of C-peptide concentrations and responses to somatostatin, glu- cose infusion, and insulin resistance in horses. Equine Vet J 2010;42:149–155.
18. Nauck MA, Humberger E, Siegel EG, et al. Incretin effects of increasing glucose loads in man calculated from venous insulin and C-peptide responses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;63:492–498.
19. Simonsson E, Ahren B. Potentiated beta-cell response to non-glucose stimuli in insulin resistant C57BL/6J mice. J Pharmacol 1998;350:243–250.
20. Deacon CF, Ahren B. Physiology of incretins in health and disease. Rev Diabet Stud 2011;8:293–306.
21. Ahren B. Incretin hormones and the up-regulation of insu- lin secretion in insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:1173–1175.
22. Frank N. Equine metabolic syndrome. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2011;27:73–92.
23. Treiber KH, Kronfeld DS, Geor RJ. Insulin resistance in equids: possible role in laminitis. J Nutr 2006;136(Suppl 7):2094S–2098S.
24. Asplin KE, Sillence MN, Pollitt CC, et al. Induction of lami- nitis by prolonged hyperinsulinaemia in clinically normal ponies. Vet J 2007;174:530–535.
25. de Laat MA, McGowan CM, Sillence MN, et al. Equine laminitis: induced by 48 h hyperinsulinaemia in Standard- bred horses. Equine Vet J 2010;42:129–135.
26. Reaven GM. The insulin resistance syndrome. Curr Ath- eroscler Rep 2003;5:364–371.
27. Lewis GF, Uffelman KD, Szeto LW, et al. Effects of acute hyperinsulinemia on VLDL triglyceride and VLDL apoB pro- duction in normal weight and obese individuals. Diabetes 1993;42:833–842.
28. Stears A, O’Rahilly S, Semple RK, et al. Metabolic insights from extreme human insulin resistance phenotypes. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;26:145–157.
29. Holt HB, Wild SH, Wood PJ, et al. Non-esterified fatty acid concentrations are independently associated with hepatic steastosis in obese subjects. Diabetologica 2006;49:141– 148.
30. Muniyappa R, Montagnani M, Koh KK, et al. Cardiovascu- lar actions of insulin. Endocr Rev 2007;28:463–491.
31. Jansson PA. Endothelial dysfunction in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. J Int Med 2007;262:173–183.
32. Treiber KH, Carter RA, Harris PA, et al. Seasonal changes in energy metabolism of ponies coincides with changes in pasture carbohydrates: implications for laminitis. J Vet Int Med 2008;22:735–736 [abstract].
33. Owers R, Chubbock S. Fight the fat! Equine Vet J 2013; 45:5.
34. Dugdale AHA, Curtis CC, Harris PA, et al. Assessment of body fat in the pony, I: relationships between the anatom- ical definition of adipose tissue, body composition and body condition. Equine Vet J 2011;43:552–561.
35. Dugdale AHA, Grove-White D, Curtis GC, et al. Body con- dition scoring as a predictor of body fat in horses and ponies. Vet J 2012;194:173–178.
36. Geor RJ, Harris PA. Obesity. In: Geor RJ, Harris PA, Coenen M, editors. Equine Applied and Clinical Nutrition. London, UK: Elsevier; 2013:487–502.
37. Thatcher CD, Pleasant RS, Geor RJ, et al. Prevalence of overconditioning in mature horses in southwestern Virginia during the summer. J Vet Int Med 2012;26:1413–1418.
38. Schultz N, McCue M, Martinson K, et al. Characterization of the equine metabolic syndrome phenotype, part I: bio- chemistry, morphometrics and breed comparisons. J Vet Int Med 2012;26:767 [abstract].
39. Bluher M. The distinction of metabolically ‘healthy’ from ‘unhealthy’ obese individuals. Curr Opin Lipidol 2010;21: 38–43.
40. Primeau V, Coderre L, Karelis AD, et al. Characterizing the profile of obese patients who are metabolically healthy. Int J Obes 2011;35:971–981.
41. Rasouli N, Kern PA. Adipocytokines and the metabolic com- plications of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab I 2008;93: S64–S73.
42. Despres JP, Lemieux I, Bergeron J, et al. Abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome: contribution to global cardio- metabolic risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28: 1039–1049.
43. Vick MM, Adams AA, Murphy BA, et al. Relationships among inflammatory cytokines, obesity, and insulin sensitiv- ity in the horse. J Anim Sci 2007;85:1144–1155.
44. Suagee JK, Corl BA, Crisman MV, et al. Relationships be- tween body condition score and plasma inflammatory cyto- kines, insulin, and lipids in a mixed population of light-breed horses. J Vet Int Med 2013;27:157–163.
45. Quinn RA, Burk AO, Hartstock TG, et al. Insulin sensitivity in Thoroughbred geldings: effect of weight gain, diet and exercise. J Equine Vet Sci 2009;28:728–738.
46. Bamford NJ, Potter SJ, Harris PA, et al. Effect of increasing adiposity, induced by a high fat low glycaemic diet or a similar diet with once daily glucose, on insulin sensitivity in horses and ponies. In: Proceedings of the Australian Equine Science Symposium, Gold Coast, QLD 2012.
47. Spiegelman BM, Flier JS. Obesity and its regulation of en- ergy balance. Cell 2001;104:531–543.
48. Kearns CF, McKeever KH, Roegner V, et al. Adiponectin and leptin are related to fat mass in horses. Vet J 2006;172: 460–465.
49. Wooldridge AA, Edwards HG, Plaisance EP, et al. Evalua- tion of high-molecular weight adiponectin in horses. Am J Vet Res 2012;73:1230–1240.
50. Geor R, Frank N. Metabolic syndrome: from human organ disease to laminar failure in equids. Vet Immunol Immuno- path 2009;129:151–154.
AAEP PROCEEDINGS Vol. 59 2013 303
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140 |
Page 141 |
Page 142 |
Page 143 |
Page 144 |
Page 145 |
Page 146 |
Page 147 |
Page 148 |
Page 149 |
Page 150 |
Page 151 |
Page 152 |
Page 153 |
Page 154 |
Page 155 |
Page 156 |
Page 157 |
Page 158 |
Page 159 |
Page 160 |
Page 161 |
Page 162 |
Page 163 |
Page 164 |
Page 165 |
Page 166 |
Page 167 |
Page 168 |
Page 169 |
Page 170 |
Page 171 |
Page 172 |
Page 173 |
Page 174 |
Page 175 |
Page 176 |
Page 177 |
Page 178 |
Page 179 |
Page 180 |
Page 181 |
Page 182 |
Page 183 |
Page 184 |
Page 185 |
Page 186 |
Page 187 |
Page 188 |
Page 189 |
Page 190 |
Page 191 |
Page 192 |
Page 193 |
Page 194 |
Page 195 |
Page 196 |
Page 197 |
Page 198 |
Page 199 |
Page 200 |
Page 201 |
Page 202 |
Page 203 |
Page 204 |
Page 205 |
Page 206 |
Page 207 |
Page 208 |
Page 209 |
Page 210 |
Page 211 |
Page 212 |
Page 213 |
Page 214 |
Page 215 |
Page 216 |
Page 217 |
Page 218 |
Page 219 |
Page 220 |
Page 221 |
Page 222 |
Page 223 |
Page 224 |
Page 225 |
Page 226 |
Page 227 |
Page 228 |
Page 229 |
Page 230 |
Page 231 |
Page 232 |
Page 233 |
Page 234 |
Page 235 |
Page 236 |
Page 237 |
Page 238 |
Page 239 |
Page 240 |
Page 241 |
Page 242 |
Page 243 |
Page 244 |
Page 245 |
Page 246 |
Page 247 |
Page 248 |
Page 249 |
Page 250 |
Page 251 |
Page 252 |
Page 253 |
Page 254 |
Page 255 |
Page 256 |
Page 257 |
Page 258 |
Page 259 |
Page 260 |
Page 261 |
Page 262 |
Page 263 |
Page 264 |
Page 265 |
Page 266 |
Page 267 |
Page 268 |
Page 269 |
Page 270 |
Page 271 |
Page 272 |
Page 273 |
Page 274 |
Page 275 |
Page 276 |
Page 277 |
Page 278 |
Page 279 |
Page 280 |
Page 281 |
Page 282 |
Page 283 |
Page 284 |
Page 285 |
Page 286 |
Page 287 |
Page 288 |
Page 289 |
Page 290 |
Page 291 |
Page 292 |
Page 293 |
Page 294 |
Page 295 |
Page 296 |
Page 297 |
Page 298 |
Page 299 |
Page 300 |
Page 301 |
Page 302 |
Page 303 |
Page 304 |
Page 305 |
Page 306 |
Page 307 |
Page 308 |
Page 309 |
Page 310 |
Page 311 |
Page 312 |
Page 313 |
Page 314 |
Page 315 |
Page 316 |
Page 317 |
Page 318 |
Page 319 |
Page 320 |
Page 321 |
Page 322 |
Page 323 |
Page 324 |
Page 325 |
Page 326 |
Page 327 |
Page 328 |
Page 329 |
Page 330 |
Page 331 |
Page 332 |
Page 333 |
Page 334 |
Page 335 |
Page 336 |
Page 337 |
Page 338 |
Page 339 |
Page 340 |
Page 341 |
Page 342 |
Page 343 |
Page 344 |
Page 345 |
Page 346 |
Page 347 |
Page 348 |
Page 349 |
Page 350 |
Page 351 |
Page 352 |
Page 353 |
Page 354 |
Page 355 |
Page 356 |
Page 357 |
Page 358 |
Page 359 |
Page 360 |
Page 361 |
Page 362 |
Page 363 |
Page 364 |
Page 365 |
Page 366 |
Page 367 |
Page 368 |
Page 369 |
Page 370 |
Page 371 |
Page 372 |
Page 373 |
Page 374 |
Page 375 |
Page 376 |
Page 377 |
Page 378 |
Page 379 |
Page 380 |
Page 381 |
Page 382 |
Page 383 |
Page 384 |
Page 385 |
Page 386 |
Page 387 |
Page 388 |
Page 389 |
Page 390 |
Page 391 |
Page 392 |
Page 393 |
Page 394 |
Page 395 |
Page 396 |
Page 397 |
Page 398 |
Page 399 |
Page 400 |
Page 401 |
Page 402 |
Page 403 |
Page 404 |
Page 405 |
Page 406 |
Page 407 |
Page 408 |
Page 409 |
Page 410 |
Page 411 |
Page 412 |
Page 413 |
Page 414 |
Page 415 |
Page 416 |
Page 417 |
Page 418 |
Page 419 |
Page 420 |
Page 421 |
Page 422 |
Page 423 |
Page 424 |
Page 425 |
Page 426 |
Page 427 |
Page 428 |
Page 429 |
Page 430 |
Page 431 |
Page 432 |
Page 433 |
Page 434 |
Page 435 |
Page 436 |
Page 437 |
Page 438 |
Page 439 |
Page 440 |
Page 441 |
Page 442 |
Page 443 |
Page 444 |
Page 445 |
Page 446 |
Page 447 |
Page 448 |
Page 449 |
Page 450 |
Page 451 |
Page 452 |
Page 453 |
Page 454 |
Page 455 |
Page 456 |
Page 457 |
Page 458 |
Page 459 |
Page 460 |
Page 461 |
Page 462 |
Page 463 |
Page 464 |
Page 465 |
Page 466 |
Page 467 |
Page 468 |
Page 469 |
Page 470 |
Page 471 |
Page 472 |
Page 473 |
Page 474 |
Page 475 |
Page 476 |
Page 477 |
Page 478 |
Page 479 |
Page 480 |
Page 481 |
Page 482 |
Page 483 |
Page 484 |
Page 485 |
Page 486 |
Page 487 |
Page 488 |
Page 489 |
Page 490 |
Page 491 |
Page 492 |
Page 493 |
Page 494 |
Page 495 |
Page 496 |
Page 497 |
Page 498 |
Page 499 |
Page 500 |
Page 501 |
Page 502 |
Page 503 |
Page 504 |
Page 505 |
Page 506 |
Page 507 |
Page 508 |
Page 509 |
Page 510 |
Page 511 |
Page 512 |
Page 513 |
Page 514 |
Page 515 |
Page 516 |
Page 517 |
Page 518 |
Page 519 |
Page 520 |
Page 521 |
Page 522 |
Page 523 |
Page 524 |
Page 525 |
Page 526 |
Page 527 |
Page 528 |
Page 529 |
Page 530 |
Page 531 |
Page 532 |
Page 533 |
Page 534 |
Page 535 |
Page 536 |
Page 537 |
Page 538 |
Page 539 |
Page 540 |
Page 541 |
Page 542 |
Page 543 |
Page 544 |
Page 545 |
Page 546 |
Page 547 |
Page 548 |
Page 549 |
Page 550 |
Page 551 |
Page 552 |
Page 553 |
Page 554 |
Page 555 |
Page 556 |
Page 557 |
Page 558 |
Page 559 |
Page 560 |
Page 561 |
Page 562 |
Page 563 |
Page 564 |
Page 565 |
Page 566 |
Page 567 |
Page 568 |
Page 569 |
Page 570 |
Page 571
