HIGHLIGHTS OF RECENT CLINICALLY RELEVANT PAPERS The authors concluded that HRE-S is a valid and reliable score
evaluating disease severity in trigeminal-mediated headshaking, in- dependent of observers ' experience.
ANTHELMINTIC RESISTANCE GUIDELINES
This review article by Ray Kaplan based in Grenada, and co-workers from Denmark, USA, Switzerland, Canada, Australia and Belgium pre- sents guidelines from the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology for diagnosing anthelmintic resistance using the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) in ruminants, horses and swine . The first section of this guideline addresses the major issues
relevant to experimental design, choice of faecal egg count (FEC) method, statistical analysis and interpretation of the FECRT results. The second section makes general recommendations that are appli- cable across all animals addressed in this guideline. The third section provides guidance to address the issues that are specific to cattle, small ruminants (sheep and goats), horses and pigs. The final sec- tion overviews the specific details required to conduct an FECRT for each of the different host species. Two options for each animal species were provided: (i) a version designed to detect small changes in efficacy that is intended for use in scientific studies, and (ii) a less resource-intensive version intended for routine use by veterinarians and livestock owners to detect larger changes in efficacy. Four
important differences were noted compared with the
previous FECRT recommendations. Firstly, it is now generally rec- ommended to perform the FECRT based on pre- and post-treat- ment FEC of the same animals (paired study design), rather than on post-treatment FEC of both treated and untreated (control) animals (unpaired study design). Secondly, instead of requiring a minimum mean FEC (expressed in eggs per gram [EPG]) of the group to be tested, the new requirement is for a minimum total number of eggs to be counted under the microscope (cumulative number of eggs counted before the application of a conversion factor). Thirdly, flexibility in the required size of the treatment group is provided by presenting three separate options that depend on the (expected) number of eggs counted. Finally, these guidelines address all major livestock species, and the thresholds for defining reduced efficacy are adapted and aligned to host species, anthelmintic drug and par- asite species. These new guidelines provide improved methodology and standardisation of the FECRT for all major livestock species.
JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC EPILEPSY
In this study, Julia Ciosek and co-workers in the United States and Qatar investigated the heredity of juvenile idiopathic epilepsy (JIE) in Arabian horses .
| 3 Juvenile idiopathic epilepsy, a seizure disorder, is most often re-
ported in Arabian foals from birth to 6 months of age. Affected foals exhibit tonic–clonic seizures lasting up to 5 min and risking second- ary complications like temporary blindness and disorientation. Some foals outgrow this condition, while others die or suffer lifelong com- plications if not treated. Previous studies suggested a strong genetic component to
JIE and proposed JIE to be a single-gene trait. In this study, a ge- nome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted in 60 cases of JIE and 120 genetically matched controls, identifying loci sug- gesting JIE is not caused by a single locus. Coat colour (chestnut, grey) phenotypes were used as positive control traits to assess the efficacy of GWAS in this population. Future work will attempt to define candidate regions and explore a polygenic mode of inheritance.
Sue Wright
EVE Editorial Office Email:
sue@evj.co.uk
ORCID Sue Wright
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5513-8571
REFERENCES
Bishop , R.C. , Wilkins , P.A. , Kemper , A.M. , Stewart , R.M. & McCoy , A.M. ( 2023 ) Effect of firocoxib and flunixin meglumine on large colon mural thickness of healthy horses . Journal of Equine Veterinary Science , 126 , 104562 . Available from: https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jevs. 2023. 104562
Ciosek , J. , Kimes , A. , Vinardell , T. , Miller , D.C. , Antczak , D.F. & Brooks , S. ( 2023 ) Juvenile idiopathic epilepsy in Arabian horses is not a single-gene disorder . The Journal of Heredity , 114 ( 5 ), 488 – 491 . Available from: https:// doi. org/ 10. 1093/ jhered/ esad029
Kaplan , R.M. , Denwood , M.J. , Nielsen , M.K. , Thamsborg , S.M. , Torgerson , P.R. , Gilleard , J.S. et al. ( 2023 ) World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guideline for diagnosing anthelmintic resistance using the faecal egg count re- duction test in ruminants, horses and swine . Veterinary Parasitology , 318 , 109936 . Available from: https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. vetpar. 2023. 109936
Kloock , T. , Pickles , K.J. , Roberts , V. , Uhlendorf , F. , Twele , L. , Wilkens , H.L. et al. ( 2023 ) History, Rest and Exercise Score (HRE-S) for assess- ment of disease severity in horses with trigeminal-mediated head- shaking . Equine Veterinary Journal . Available from: https:// doi. org/ 10. 1111/ evj. 13986 . Epub ahead of print.
Knowles , E.J. , Harris , P.A. , Elliott , J. , Chang , Y.-M. & Menzies-Gow , N.J. ( 2023 ) Factors associated with insulin responses to oral sug- ars in a mixed-breed cohort of ponies . Equine Veterinary Journal . Available from: https:// doi. org/ 10. 1111/ evj. 13983 . Epub ahead of print.
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