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NOVEMBER 2022


Fig 5: Transverse ultrasound scan of the right thoracic area between the fifteenth and eighteenth thoracic vertebrae, in a 4-year-old French Standardbred Trotter mare. 1- Fifteenth thoracic spinous process; 2- Articular processes joints; 2a- Joint space; 3- Caudal articular process of seventeenth thoracic vertebra; 4- Cranial articular process of eighteenth thoracic vertebra; 5- Mammillary process; 6- Rib; 7- Multifidus muscle; 8- Erector spinae muscle; 9- Skin.


a)


b)


Fig 6: Transverse ultrasound scan of the thoracolumbar area between the seventeenth and eighteenth thoracic vertebrae (a), and between the last thoracic vertebra and the first lumbar vertebra (b). 1- Articular processes joint; 2- Eighteenth rib; 3- Transverse process of the first lumbar vertebra; 4- Multifidus muscle; 5- Erector spinae muscle; 6- Skin.


(including articular cartilage, synovial fluid and membrane, articular capsule) located at the base of the interspinous space and the cranial AP of the following vertebra (Denoix, 1999, 2019). Depending on the area, the APJs vary in shape (Fig 1). The articular facets are flat and oriented obliquely in the cranial thoracic area. The joint space becomes more vertical in the mid-thoracic area. In the caudal


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thoracolumbar area, the articular facets are more rounded with a convex caudal AP corresponding to a concave cranial AP. Because of the orientation of the spinous processes in the thoracic area, the joint space is located directly ventral to the apex of the spinous process of the vertebra that precedes the joint. In the mid-thoracic region, the joint space is located in the middle of the interspinous


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