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NOVEMBER 2022


FC


FB


FA a) b) c)


Fig 9: (a and b) Neoplasm in the fossa of the glans causing bleeding during the semen collection. (c) Fractionated semen collection in a stallion with neoplasm in the glans pit and presence of bloody material in every fraction of the ejaculate (FA, FB and FC).


Urethritis FC FB


Urethritis is an inflammatory process caused by the imbalance of the bacterial flora in the penile urethra, which may be caused by improper application of antibiotics, caustic substances or by the acidic pH in the penile environment (anecdotal evidence). In some cases, this inflammatory process may cause an increase in the count of PMNs, which are eliminated during the act of urination and ejaculation. Although pyospermia may be observed in cases of urethritis, the severity of pyospermia is more mild in comparison with the severe pyospermia observed in cases of seminal vesiculitis. Figure 10 depicts a fractionated semen collection used as complementary examination for the diagnosis of urethritis in stallions. The changes observed in the ejaculate should not be used as a conclusive diagnosis and should be used in association with other complementary examinations such as urethral endoscopy (Sullins et al., 1988).


Urospermia FA a) b)


Fig 10: (a) Conventional semen collection in a stallion with urethritis, accompanied by an ejaculate of high cellularity. (b) Note a rosy colour in every fraction of the ejaculate (FA, FB and FC).


artificial vagina is indicated to reduce the friction of the neoplastic alteration during semen collections, especially when the treatment has not begun. As in most of the cases of urethral lesions, it is not possible to distinguish all the sperm fractions, and haemospermia may be observed in all the fractions of the ejaculate, as depicted in Fig 9.


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Urospermia may occur in cases of ejaculatory disorders in stallions, and its cause is usually of idiopathic origin (Turner, 2007). Furthermore, the urospermia may cause irreversible damage to the sperm cells (Ellerbrock et al., 2018). The fractionated semen collection may be used as a complementary examination for the diagnosis of urospermia when urine is observed in unusual fractions of the ejaculate (McKinnon, 2013). However, the fractionated semen collection cannot always efficiently separate urine from the ejaculate (Ellerbrock et al., 2018). Due to the ejaculatory disturbance, the bladder neck may open and urine content may be expelled at any time during ejaculation. In Figure 11, we depict different ejaculates from stallions that presented urospermia, through the conventional (Fig 11 [a]) and fractionated semen collection (Fig 11 [b-d]).


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