NOVEMBER 2022


611


a)


b)


c)


Fig 7: (a) Conventional semen collection ejaculated evidence of haemospermia. (b) Bleeding caused by lesions in the gland, which were diagnosed by visual inspection. (c) Blood in the ejaculate caused by the presence of fistulas in the local urethral process (Video S5).


FC


FB


FA a) b) c)


Fig 8: (a) Conventional semen collection ejaculated with evidence of haemospermia. (b) Injury to the urethra. After the semen collection, blood could still be observed through the urethra. (c) Fractionated semen collection in a stallion with a urethral lesion and presence of blood in every fraction of the ejaculate (FA, FB and FC).


a mare or phantom, so that the lacerations or lesions become more apparent (Varner & Schlafer, 2015). When inspection of the penis is not possible, the


fractionated semen collection may be used as an alternative tool for a more specific diagnosis, as depicted in Fig 7. The presence of blood in all the fractions of the stallions’ ejaculate suggests the presence of a lesion in the urethra or urethral process, as it is depicted in Fig 8. However, in order to confirm the exact structure causing the haemospermia, an endoscopic examination of the urethra is necessary.


Neoplasms


The most commonly reported cases of neoplasm in the clinical routine are squamous cell carcinomas which mostly affects the stallions with different pigmentations (Bedford et al., 2000). As previously mentioned, the episodes of haemospermia may be caused by lesions in the urethral process, glans fossa and penis glans (Bedford et al., 2000). Inspection of the components of the reproductive tract may be easily performed in order to recognise which exact structure is lesioned. The collection of the ejaculate with an


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