LAMENESS EXAMINATION AND THERAPY
21. Gough MR, Mayhew IG, Munroe GA. Diffusion of mepiva- caine between adjacent synovial structures in the horse. Part 1: forelimb foot and carpus. Equine Vet J 2002; 34:80–84.
22. Gough MR, Munroe GA, Mayhew IG. Diffusion of mepiva- caine between adjacent synovial structures in the horse. Part 2: tarsus and stifle. Equine Vet J 2002;34:85– 90.
23. Scofield DB, Alexander DL, Franklin RP, et al. Review of fatalities and adverse reactions after administration of -2 adrenergic agonist reversal agents in the horse, in Proceed- ings. Am Assoc Equine Pract 2010;56:44–49.
24. Todhunter RJ. Anatomy and physiology of synovial joints. In: McIlwraith CW, Trotter DW, eds. Joint disease in the horse. Philadelphia: Sanders, 1996:1–28.
25. Wright IM, Dyson SJ, Kannegieter N, et al. The locomotor system. In: Higgins AJ, Wright IM, editors. The equine manual. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1995:797–919.
26. Dyson SJ. Nerve blocks and lameness diagnosis in the horse. In Pract 1984;6:102–107.
27. David F, Rougier M, Alexander K, Morisset S. Ultrasound- guided coxofemoral arthrocentesis in horses. Equine Vet J. 2007;39:79–83.
28. Kleider N. How to inject the medial femorotibial joint recess under ultrasonographic guidance, in Proceedings. AmAssoc Equine Pract 2013;59:220–225.
29. Moyer W, Schumacher J, Schumacher J. A guide to equine joint injection and regional anesthesia. Chadds Ford, PA: Veterinary Academic Solutions, 2011:6–11. 30. Seabaugh KA, Selberg KT, Valde
´s-Martínez A, et al. As-
sessment of the tissue diffusion of anesthetic agent following administration of a low palmar nerve block in horses. JAm Vet Med Assoc 2011;239:1334–1340.
31. Ford TS, Ross MW, Orsini PG. A comparison of methods for proximal palmar metacarpal analgesia in horses. Vet Surg 1989;18:146–150.
32. Dyson SJ, Romero JM. An investigation of injection tech- niques for local analgesia of the equine distal tarsus and proximal metatarsus. Equine Vet J 1993;25:30–35.
33. Stashak TS. Examination for lameness. In: Stashak TS, ed. Adams’ lameness in horses 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 2002:113–183.
34. Vazquez de Mercado R, Stover SM, Taylor KT, et al. Lateral approach for arthrocentesis of the distal interphalangeal joint in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1413–1418.
35. Poore LAB, Lambert KL, Shaw DJ, et al. Comparison of three methods of injecting the proximal interphalangeal joint in horses. Vet Rec 2011;168:302–305.
36. Claunch KM, Eggleston RB, Baxter GM. Anesthetic diffu- sion following two approaches to block the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve, in Proceedings. Am Assoc Equine Pract 2013;59:84.
37. Contino E, King M, Valdes-Martinez A, et al. In vivo diffu- sion characteristics after perineural injection of the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve with mepivacaine or io- hexol in horses, in Proceedings. Am Assoc Equine Pract 2013;59:85.
38. Schumacher J, Livesey L, DeGraves FJ, et al. Effect of anesthesia of the palmar digital nerves on proximal interpha- langeal joint pain. Equine Vet J 2004;36:409–414.
39. Kuemmerle JM, Auer JA, Rademacher N, et al. Short in- complete sagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx in ten horses not used for racing. Vet Surg 2008;37:193–200.
40. Contino EK, Werpy NM, Morton A, et al. Metacarpophalan- geal joint lesions identified on magnetic resonance imaging with lameness that resolves using palmar digital nerve and intra-articular analgesia, in Proceedings. Am Assoc Equine Pract 2012;58:534–535.
41. Dyson SJ, Murray RC. Osseous trauma in the fetlock region of mature sport horses, in Proceedings. Am Assoc Equine Pract 2006;52:443–456.
42. Dyson S, Nagy A, Murray R. Clinical and diagnostic imag- ing findings in horses with subchondral bone trauma of the
sagittal groove of the proximal phalanx. Vet Radiol Ultra- sound 2011;52:596–604.
43. Daniel AJ, Judy CE, Saveraid T. Magnetic resonance imag- ing of the metacarpo(tarso)phalangeal region in clinically lame horses responding to diagnostic analgesia of the palmar nerves at the base of the proximal sesamoid bones: five cases. Equine Vet Educ 2013;25:222–228.
44. Hughes TK, Eliashar E, Smith RK. In vitro evaluation of a single injection technique for diagnostic analgesia of the proximal suspensory ligament of the equine pelvic limb. Vet Surg 2007;36:760–764.
45. Labens R, Schramme M, Robertson ID, et al. Clinical, mag- netic resonance, and sonographic findings in horses with proximal plantar metatarsal pain. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010;5:11–18.
46. Schumacher J, Taylor D, Schramme M, et al. Localization of pain in the equine foot: emphasizing the physical examina- tion and analgesic techniques, in Proceedings. Am Assoc Equine Pract 2012;58:138–156.
47. Schumacher J, Schumacher J, DeGraves F, et al. A compar- ison of the effects of two volumes of local analgesic solution in the distal interphalangeal joint of horses with lameness caused by solar toe or solar heel pain. Equine Vet J 2001; 33:265–268.
48. Schebitz H. Podotrochlosis in the horse, in Proceedings. Am Assoc Equine Pract 1964;10:49–53.
49. Pleasant RS, Moll HD, Ley WB, et al. Intra-articular anes- thesia of the distal interphalangeal joint alleviates lameness associated with the navicular bursa in horses. Vet Surg 1997;26:137–140.
50. Schumacher J, Schumacher J, DeGraves F, et al. A compar- ison of the effects of local analgesic solution in the navicular bursa of horses with lameness caused by solar toe or solar heel pain. Equine Vet J 2001;33:386–389.
51. Dyson S. Equine lameness: clinical judgment meets ad- vanced diagnostic imaging, in Proceedings. Am Assoc Equine Pract 2013;59:92–122.
52. Sampson SN, Schneider RK, Tucker RL, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging features of oblique and straight distal sesamoidean desmitis in 27 horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2007;48:303–311.
53. King JN, Zubrod CJ, Schneider RK, et al. MRI findings in 232 horses with lameness localized to the metacarpo(tarso) phalangeal region and without a radiographic diagno- sis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013;54:36–47.
54. Gonzalez LM, Schramme MC, Robertson ID, et al. MRI features of metacarpo(tarso)phalangeal region lameness in 40 horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010;51:404–414.
55. Jordana M, Martens A, Duchateau L, et al. Distal limb desensitization following analgesia of the digital flexor ten- don sheath in horses using four different tech- niques. Equine Vet J 2014;46:488–493.
56. Hassel DM, Stover SM, Yarbrough TB, et al. Palmar-plan- tar axial sesamoidean approach to the digital flexor tendon sheath in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;217:1334–1340.
57. Harper J, Schumacher J, DeGraves F, et al. Effects of an- algesia of the digital flexor tendon sheath on pain originating in the sole, distal interphalangeal joint or navicular bursa of horses. Equine Vet J 2007;39:535–539.
58. Lewis RD. Techniques for arthrocentesis of equine shoul- der, elbow, stifle and hip joints, in Proceedings. Am Assoc Equine Pract 1996;42:55–63.
59. Kraus-Hansen AE, Jann HW, Kerr DV, et al. Arthrographic analysis of communication between the tarsometatarsal and distal intertarsal joints of the horse. Vet Surg 1992;21:139– 144.
60. Andreen DS, Trumble TN, Caron JP, et al. Onset and du- ration of intra-articular mepivacaine in the horse, in Proceed- ings. Am Assoc Equine Pract 1994;40:151.
61. Schumacher J, Taintor J, Schumacher J, et al. Function of the ramus communicans of the medial and lateral palmar nerves of the horse. Equine Vet J 2012;45:31–35.
AAEP PROCEEDINGS Vol. 60 2014 93
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140 |
Page 141 |
Page 142 |
Page 143 |
Page 144 |
Page 145 |
Page 146 |
Page 147 |
Page 148 |
Page 149 |
Page 150 |
Page 151 |
Page 152 |
Page 153 |
Page 154 |
Page 155 |
Page 156 |
Page 157 |
Page 158 |
Page 159 |
Page 160 |
Page 161 |
Page 162 |
Page 163 |
Page 164 |
Page 165 |
Page 166 |
Page 167 |
Page 168 |
Page 169 |
Page 170 |
Page 171 |
Page 172 |
Page 173 |
Page 174 |
Page 175 |
Page 176 |
Page 177 |
Page 178 |
Page 179 |
Page 180 |
Page 181 |
Page 182 |
Page 183 |
Page 184 |
Page 185 |
Page 186 |
Page 187 |
Page 188 |
Page 189 |
Page 190 |
Page 191 |
Page 192 |
Page 193 |
Page 194 |
Page 195 |
Page 196 |
Page 197 |
Page 198 |
Page 199 |
Page 200 |
Page 201 |
Page 202 |
Page 203 |
Page 204 |
Page 205 |
Page 206 |
Page 207 |
Page 208 |
Page 209 |
Page 210 |
Page 211 |
Page 212 |
Page 213 |
Page 214 |
Page 215 |
Page 216 |
Page 217 |
Page 218 |
Page 219 |
Page 220 |
Page 221 |
Page 222 |
Page 223 |
Page 224 |
Page 225 |
Page 226 |
Page 227 |
Page 228 |
Page 229 |
Page 230 |
Page 231 |
Page 232 |
Page 233 |
Page 234 |
Page 235 |
Page 236 |
Page 237 |
Page 238 |
Page 239 |
Page 240 |
Page 241 |
Page 242 |
Page 243 |
Page 244 |
Page 245 |
Page 246 |
Page 247 |
Page 248 |
Page 249 |
Page 250 |
Page 251 |
Page 252 |
Page 253 |
Page 254 |
Page 255 |
Page 256 |
Page 257 |
Page 258 |
Page 259 |
Page 260 |
Page 261 |
Page 262 |
Page 263 |
Page 264 |
Page 265 |
Page 266 |
Page 267 |
Page 268 |
Page 269 |
Page 270 |
Page 271 |
Page 272 |
Page 273 |
Page 274 |
Page 275 |
Page 276 |
Page 277 |
Page 278 |
Page 279 |
Page 280 |
Page 281 |
Page 282 |
Page 283 |
Page 284 |
Page 285 |
Page 286 |
Page 287 |
Page 288 |
Page 289 |
Page 290 |
Page 291 |
Page 292 |
Page 293 |
Page 294 |
Page 295 |
Page 296 |
Page 297 |
Page 298 |
Page 299 |
Page 300 |
Page 301 |
Page 302 |
Page 303 |
Page 304 |
Page 305 |
Page 306 |
Page 307 |
Page 308 |
Page 309 |
Page 310 |
Page 311 |
Page 312 |
Page 313 |
Page 314 |
Page 315 |
Page 316 |
Page 317 |
Page 318 |
Page 319 |
Page 320 |
Page 321 |
Page 322 |
Page 323 |
Page 324 |
Page 325 |
Page 326 |
Page 327 |
Page 328 |
Page 329 |
Page 330 |
Page 331 |
Page 332 |
Page 333 |
Page 334 |
Page 335 |
Page 336 |
Page 337 |
Page 338 |
Page 339 |
Page 340 |
Page 341 |
Page 342 |
Page 343 |
Page 344 |
Page 345 |
Page 346 |
Page 347 |
Page 348 |
Page 349 |
Page 350 |
Page 351 |
Page 352 |
Page 353 |
Page 354 |
Page 355 |
Page 356 |
Page 357 |
Page 358 |
Page 359 |
Page 360 |
Page 361 |
Page 362 |
Page 363 |
Page 364 |
Page 365 |
Page 366 |
Page 367 |
Page 368 |
Page 369 |
Page 370 |
Page 371 |
Page 372 |
Page 373 |
Page 374 |
Page 375 |
Page 376 |
Page 377 |
Page 378 |
Page 379 |
Page 380 |
Page 381 |
Page 382 |
Page 383 |
Page 384 |
Page 385 |
Page 386 |
Page 387 |
Page 388 |
Page 389 |
Page 390 |
Page 391 |
Page 392 |
Page 393 |
Page 394 |
Page 395 |
Page 396 |
Page 397 |
Page 398 |
Page 399 |
Page 400 |
Page 401 |
Page 402 |
Page 403 |
Page 404 |
Page 405 |
Page 406 |
Page 407 |
Page 408 |
Page 409 |
Page 410 |
Page 411 |
Page 412 |
Page 413 |
Page 414 |
Page 415 |
Page 416 |
Page 417 |
Page 418 |
Page 419 |
Page 420 |
Page 421 |
Page 422 |
Page 423 |
Page 424 |
Page 425 |
Page 426 |
Page 427 |
Page 428 |
Page 429 |
Page 430 |
Page 431 |
Page 432 |
Page 433 |
Page 434 |
Page 435 |
Page 436 |
Page 437 |
Page 438 |
Page 439 |
Page 440 |
Page 441 |
Page 442 |
Page 443 |
Page 444 |
Page 445 |
Page 446 |
Page 447 |
Page 448 |
Page 449 |
Page 450 |
Page 451 |
Page 452 |
Page 453 |
Page 454 |
Page 455 |
Page 456 |
Page 457 |
Page 458 |
Page 459 |
Page 460 |
Page 461 |
Page 462 |
Page 463 |
Page 464 |
Page 465 |
Page 466 |
Page 467 |
Page 468 |
Page 469 |
Page 470 |
Page 471 |
Page 472 |
Page 473 |
Page 474 |
Page 475 |
Page 476 |
Page 477 |
Page 478 |
Page 479 |
Page 480 |
Page 481 |
Page 482 |
Page 483 |
Page 484 |
Page 485 |
Page 486 |
Page 487 |
Page 488 |
Page 489 |
Page 490 |
Page 491 |
Page 492 |
Page 493 |
Page 494 |
Page 495 |
Page 496 |
Page 497 |
Page 498 |
Page 499 |
Page 500 |
Page 501 |
Page 502 |
Page 503 |
Page 504 |
Page 505 |
Page 506 |
Page 507 |
Page 508 |
Page 509 |
Page 510 |
Page 511 |
Page 512 |
Page 513 |
Page 514 |
Page 515 |
Page 516 |
Page 517 |
Page 518 |
Page 519 |
Page 520 |
Page 521 |
Page 522 |
Page 523 |
Page 524 |
Page 525 |
Page 526 |
Page 527 |
Page 528 |
Page 529 |
Page 530 |
Page 531 |
Page 532 |
Page 533 |
Page 534 |
Page 535 |
Page 536 |
Page 537 |
Page 538 |
Page 539 |
Page 540 |
Page 541 |
Page 542 |
Page 543 |
Page 544 |
Page 545 |
Page 546 |
Page 547 |
Page 548 |
Page 549 |
Page 550 |
Page 551 |
Page 552 |
Page 553 |
Page 554 |
Page 555 |
Page 556 |
Page 557 |
Page 558 |
Page 559 |
Page 560 |
Page 561 |
Page 562 |
Page 563 |
Page 564 |
Page 565 |
Page 566 |
Page 567 |
Page 568 |
Page 569 |
Page 570 |
Page 571 |
Page 572 |
Page 573 |
Page 574 |
Page 575 |
Page 576 |
Page 577 |
Page 578 |
Page 579 |
Page 580 |
Page 581 |
Page 582 |
Page 583 |
Page 584 |
Page 585 |
Page 586 |
Page 587
