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FRANK J. MILNE STATE-OF-THE-ART LECTURE


12. Hayes MA. Pathophysiology of the liver. In: Dunlop RH, Malbert CH, eds. Veterinary Pathophysiology. Ox- ford, UK: Blackwell, 2004;371–373.


13. Acland HM, Mann PC, Robertson JL, et al. Toxic hepatop- athy in neonatal foals. Vet Pathol 1984;21:3–9.


14. Cullen JM. Hepatobiliary system. In: Zackary JF, Mc- Gavin MD, eds. Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, 5th ed. Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby Elsevier, 20ll;405– 421.


15. Brown PJ, Whitbread TJ, Bell NJ, et al. Haemosiderin deposition in donkey (Equusasinus) liver: Comparison of liver histopathology with liver iron content. Res Vet Sci 2011;90:275–279.


16. Curran JM, Sutherland RJ, Peet RL. A screening test for subclinical liver disease in horses affected by pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis. Aust Vet J 1996;74:236–240.


17. Bernard WV, Divers TJ. Variations in serum sorbitol de- hydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, and isoenzyme 5 of lactate dehydrogenase activities in horses given carbon tet- rachloride. Am J Vet Res 1989;50:622–623.


18. West HJ. Clinical and pathological studies in horses with hepatic disease. Equine Vet J 1996;28:146–156.


19. Horney BS, Honor DJ, MacKenzie A, et al. Stability of sorbitol dehydrogenase activity in bovine and equine sera. Vet Clin Pathol 1993;22:5–9.


20. McGorum BC, Murphy D, Love S, et al. Clinicopathologi- cal features of equine primary hepatic disease: A review of 50 cases. Vet Rec 1999;145:134–139.


21. Noonan NE. Variations of plasma enzymes in the pony and the dog after carbon tetrachloride administration. Am J Vet Res 1981;42:674–678.


22. Durham AE, Newton JR, Smith KC, et al. Retrospective analysis of historical, clinical, ultrasonographic, serum bio- chemical and haematological data in prognostic evaluation of equine liver disease. Equine Vet J 2003;35:542–547.


23. Snow DH, Harris P. Enzymes as markers of physical fit- ness and training of racing horses. Adv Clin Enzymol 1988;6:251–258.


24. McGowan C. Clinical pathology in the racing horse: The role of clinical pathology in assessing fitness and per- formance in the racehorse. Vet Clin N Am Equine Pract 2008;24:405–422.


25. Mack SJ, Kirkby K, Malalana F, et al. Elevations in serum muscle enzyme activities in racehorses due to unaccustomed exercise and training. Vet Rec 2014;174:145.


26. Leleu C, Haentjens F. Morphological, haemato- biochemicaland endocrine changes in young Standardbreds with ‘maladaptation’ to early training. Equine Vet J Suppl 2010;38:171–178.


27. Underwood C, Southwood LL, Walton RM, et al. Hepatic and metabolic changes in surgical colic patients: A pilot study. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2010;20:578– 86.


28. Schindl MJ, Redhead DN, Fearon KC, et al. Severe hyper- triglyceridaemia in clinically ill horses: Diagnosis, treat- ment and outcome. Gut 2005;54:289–296.


29. Durham AE. Hepatitis in horses. In: Weber O, Protzer U, eds., Comparative Hepatitis. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhauser Verlag, 2008;245–264.


30. Peek SF, Divers TJ. Medical treatment of cholangiohepa- titis and cholelithiasis in mature horses: 9 cases (1991– 1998). Equine Vet J 2000;32:301–306.


31. Haggett EF, Magdesian KG, Kass PH. Clinical implica- tions of high liver enzyme activities in hospitalized neonatal foals. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2011;239:661–667.


32. Divers TJ, Schappel KA, Sweeney RW, et al. Persistent hyperbilirubinemia in a healthy Thoroughbred horse. Cor- nell Vet 1993;83:237–242.


33. Hoffmann WE, Baker G, Rieser S, et al. Alterations in selected serum biochemical constituents in equids after in- duced hepatic disease. Am J Vet Res 1987;48:1343–1347.


34. Barton MH, LeRoy BE. Serum bile acids concentrations in healthy and clinically ill neonatal foals. J Vet Intern Med 2007;21:508–513.


98 2015  Vol. 61  AAEP PROCEEDINGS


35. Dunkel B, McKenzie HC 3rd. Severe hypertriglyceridae- mia in clinically ill horses: Diagnosis, treatment and out- come. Equine Vet J 2003;35:590–595.


36. Divers TJ, Byars TD. Hepatic disease of foals. In: Mc- Kinnon AO, Squires EL, Vaala WE, et al, eds. Equine Repro- duction, 2nd ed, vol. 1. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011;409–415.


37. Parraga ME, Carlson GP, Thurmond M. Serum protein concentrations in horses with severe liver disease: A ret- rospective study and review of the literature. J Vet Intern Med 1995;9:154–161.


38. Johns IC, Sweeney RW. Coagulation abnormalities and complications after percutaneous liver biopsy in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2008;22:185–189.


39. Sammons SC, Norman TE, Chaffin MK, et al. Ultrasono- graphic visualization of the liver in sites recommended for blind percutaneous liver biopsy in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014;245(8):939–943.


40. Johnston JK, Divers TJ, Reef VB, et al. Cholelithiasis in horses: Ten cases (1982–1986). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989;194:405–409.


41. Gardner RB, Nydam DV, Mohammed HO, et al. Serum gamma glutamyl transferase activity in horses with right or left dorsal displacements of the large colon. J Vet Intern Med 2005;19:761–764.


42. Orsini JA, Donawick WJ. Hepaticojejunostomy for treat- ment of common hepatic duct obstructions associated with duodenal stenosis in two foals. Vet Surg 1989;18:34–38.


43. Traub JL, Rantanen N, Reed S, et al. Cholelithiasis in four horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982;181:59–62.


44. Reef VB, Johnston JK, Divers TJ, et al. Ultrasonographic findings in horses with cholelithiasis: Eight cases (1985– 1987). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990;196:1836–1840.


45. Grabner A. Case report. Cholangiopathy and cholelithia- sis and acute hepatic syndrome. Tierarztl Prax 1997;25: 370–372.


46. Davis JL, Jones SL. Suppurative cholangiohepatitis and enteritis in adult horses. J Vet Intern Med 2003;17:583– 587.


47. Davis JL, Blikslager AT, Catto K, et al. A retrospective analysis of hepatic injury in horses with proximal enteritis (1984–2002). J Vet Intern Med 2003;17:896–901.


48. Schneider DA. Cholestasis and biliary calculi in horses. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 1997;19:744–783.


49. Van der Luer RJ, Kroneman J. Three cases of cholelithia- sis and biliary fibrosis in the horse. Equine Vet J 1982;14: 251–253.


50. Tabata M, Nakayama F. Bacteria and gallstones. Etio- logical significance. Dig Dis Sci 1981;26:218–224.


51. Vítek L, Carey MC. New pathophysiological concepts un- derlying pathogenesis of pigment gallstones. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2012;36:122–129. 52. de Lima Santos R, de Oliveira T, Galva


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thiasis with atrophy of the right lateral hepatic lobe in a horse. Cie


ˆncia Rural 2007;37:586–589.


53. Roussel AJ Jr, Becht JL, Adams SB. Choledocholithiasis in a horse. Cornell Vet 1984;74:166–171.


54. Tulleners EP, Becht JL, Richardson DW, et al. Choledo- cholithotripsy in a mare. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985;186: 1317–1319.


55. Ryu SH, Bak UB, Lee CW, et al. Cholelithiasis associated with recurrent colic in a Thoroughbred mare. J Vet Sci 2004;5:79–82.


56. Graves EA. Cholelithiasis and hepatic fibrosis in a stan- dardbred mare. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2006;22: 107–116.


57. Traub JL, Grant BD, Rantanen N, et al. Surgical removal of choleliths in a horse. JAmVet Med Assoc 1983;182:714– 716.


58. Rantanen NW. Diseases of the liver. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1986;2:105–114.


59. Poupon R. Ursodeoxycholic acid and bile-acid mimetics as therapeutic agents for cholestatic liver diseases: An over-


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