IN-DEPTH INTERACTIVE: REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS – PATHOLOGY TO TREATMENT Conflict of Interest
Portions of this material were generously supported through funding by the Grayson Jockey Club Re- search Foundation and the University of Florida Research Endowment (ceftiofur and firocoxib stud- ies for placentitis), Zoetis Animal Health (ceftiofur), Merial Animal Health (firocoxib) and Merck Animal Health (altrenogest).
References and Footnotes
1. Kotilainen T, Huhtinen M, Katila T. Sperm-induced leu- kocytosis in the equine uterus. Theriogenology 1994;41: 629–636.
2. Hughes JP, Loy RG. The relation of infection to infertility in the mare and stallion. Equine Vet J 1975;7:155–159.
3. Britton BA. Endometrial change in the annual reproduc- tive cycle of the mare. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1982;32:175– 180.
4. LeBlanc MM, Neuwirth L, Asbury AC, et al. Scintigraphic measurement of uterine clearance in normal mares and mares with recurrent endometritis. Equine Vet J 1994;26: 109–113.
5. LeBlanc MM, Neuwirth L, Jones L, et al. Differences in uterine position of reproductively normal mares and those with delayed uterine clearance detected by scintigra- phy. Theriogenology 1998;50:49–54.
6. Neuwirth L, LeBlanc MM, Mauragis D, et al. Scintigraphic measurement of uterine clearance in mares. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1995;36:64–68.
7. Causey RC, Ginn PS, Katz BP, et al. Mucus production by endometrium of reproductively healthy mares and mares with delayed uterine clearance. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 2000;56:333–339.
8. LeBlanc MM, Causey RC. Clinical and subclinical endome- tritis in the mare: both threats to fertility. Reprod Do- mest Anim 2009;44(suppl 3):10–22.
9. Clutterbuck AL, Woods EJ, Knottenbelt DC, et al. Biofilms and their relevance to veterinary medicine. Vet Microbiol 2007;125:390–390.
10. LeBlanc MM. How to perform and interpret findings from a low-volume uterine flush, in Proceedings. Am Assoc Equine Pract 2011;57:32–36.
11. Costerton JW, Lewandowski Z, Caldwell DE, et al. Micro- bial biofilms. Annu Rev Microbiol 1995;49:711–745.
12. Sutherland IW. The biofilm matrix - an immobilized but dynamic microbial environment. Trends Microbiol 2001;9: 222–227.
13. Ferris RA, Veir JK, Lappin MR, et al. Development and comparison of sampling techniques for a broad range, semi- quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of bacterial DNA in the equine uterus. J Equine Vet Sci 2014;34:687–693.
14. McKinnon AO, Squires EL, Harrison LA, et al. Ultrasono- graphic studies on the reproductive tract of mares after parturition: effect of involution and uterine fluid on preg- nancy rates in mares with normal and delayed first postpar- tum ovulatory cycles. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1988;192: 350–353.
15. Allen WE, Pycock JF. Cyclical accumulation of uterine fluid in mares with lowered resistance to endometritis. Vet Record 1988;122:489–490.
16. Pycock JF, Newcombe JR. The relationship between in- traluminal uterine fluid, endometritis, and pregnancy rate in the mare. Equine Pract 1996;18:19–22.
17. Riddle WT, LeBlanc MM, Stromberg AJ. Relationships be- tween uterine culture, cytology and pregnancy rates in a Thoroughbred practice. Theriogenology 2007;68:395–402.
18. Kozdrowski R, Sikora M, Buczkowska J, et al. Effects of cycle stage and sampling procedure on interpretation of endometrial cytology in mares. Anim Reprod Sci 2015;154: 56–62.
294 2015 Vol. 61 AAEP PROCEEDINGS
19. Ball BA, Shin SJ, Patten VH, et al. Use of a low-volume uterine flush for microbiologic and cytologic examination of the mare’s endometrium. Theriogenology 1988;29:1269– 1283.
20. LeBlanc MM, Magsig J, Stromberg AJ. Use of a low-vol- ume uterine flush for diagnosing endometritis in chronically infertile mares. Theriogenology 2007;68:403–412.
21. Vanderwall DK. How to process a dilute ejaculate of semen for cooled transported insemination, in
Proceedings.Am Assoc Equine Pract 2008;54:369–373.
22. Kenney RM. Prognostic value of endometrial biopsy of the mare. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1975;23:347–348.
23. Esteller-Vico A, Liu IK, Couto S. Uterine vascular degen- eration is present throughout the uterine wall of multipa- rous mares. Colinearity between elastosis, endometrial grade, age and parity. Theriogenology 2012;78:1078–1084.
24. Esteller-Vico A, Liu IK, Brosnan RJ, et al. Uterine vascu- lar elastosis and its effect on uterine blood flow in cyclic mares. Anim Reprod Sci 2010;121:87–88.
25. Nielsen JM, Troedsson MH, Pedersen MR, et al. Diagnosis of endometritis in the mare based on bacteriological and cytological examinations of the endometrium: comparison of results obtained by swabs and biopsies. J Equine Vet Sci 2010;30:27–30.
26. Nielsen JM, Nielsen FH, Petersen MR. Diagnosis of equine endometritis—microbiology, cytology and histology of endo- metrial biopsies and the correlation to fertility. Pferdehei- lkunde 2012;28:8–13.
27. Nielsen JM. Endometritis in the mare: a diagnostic study comparing cultures from swab and biopsy. Theriog- enology 2005;64:510–518.
28. Arnold CE, Brinsko SP, Varner DD. Cervical wedge resec- tion for treatment of pyometra secondary to transluminal cervical adhesions in six mares. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015; 246:1354–1357.
29. Card CE, Eaton SL. How to perform a hysteroscopically assisted endometrial biopsy and foreign body retrieval in mares, in Proceedings. Am Assoc Equine Pract 2010;56: 328–330.
30. LeBlanc MM, Neuwirth L, Mauragis D, et al. Oxytocin enhances clearance of radiocolloid from the uterine lumen of reproductively normal mares and mares susceptible to en- dometritis. Equine Vet Educ 1994;26:279–282.
31. Paccamonti DL, Pycock JF, Taverne MAM, et al. PGFM response to exogenous oxytocin and determination of the half-life of oxytocin in nonpregnant mares. Equine Vet J 1999;31:285–288.
32. Combs CB, LeBlanc MM, Neuwirth L, et al. Effects of prostaglandin F-2 alpha cloprostenol and fenprostalene on uterine clearance of radiocolloid in the mare. Theriogenol- ogy 1996;45:1449–1455.
33. Troedsson MHT, Ababneh MM, Ohlgren AF, et al. Effect of periovulatory prostaglandin F-2 alpha on pregnancy rates and luteal function in the mare. Theriogenology 2001;55: 1891–1899.
34. Nie GJ, Johnson KE, Wenzel JG, et al. Effect of adminis- tering oxytocin or cloprostenol in the periovulatory period on pregnancy outcome and luteal function in mares. Theriog- enology 2003;60:1111–1118.
35. Nie GJ, Johnson KE, Wenzel JG, et al. Luteal function in mares following administration of oxytocin, cloprostenol or saline on day 0, 1 or 2 post-ovulation. Theriogenology 2003; 60:1119–1125.
36. Brinsko SP, Varner DD, Blanchard TL. The effect of uter- ine lavage performed 4 hours post insemination on preg- nancy rate in mares. Theriogenology 1991;35:1111–1119.
37. Vanderwall DK, Woods GL. Effect on fertility of uterine lavage performed immediately prior to insemination in mares. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;222:1108–1110.
38. Brinsko SP, Varner DD, Blanchard TL, et al. The effect of postbreeding uterine lavage on pregnancy rate in mares. Theriogenology 1990;33:465–475.
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140 |
Page 141 |
Page 142 |
Page 143 |
Page 144 |
Page 145 |
Page 146 |
Page 147 |
Page 148 |
Page 149 |
Page 150 |
Page 151 |
Page 152 |
Page 153 |
Page 154 |
Page 155 |
Page 156 |
Page 157 |
Page 158 |
Page 159 |
Page 160 |
Page 161 |
Page 162 |
Page 163 |
Page 164 |
Page 165 |
Page 166 |
Page 167 |
Page 168 |
Page 169 |
Page 170 |
Page 171 |
Page 172 |
Page 173 |
Page 174 |
Page 175 |
Page 176 |
Page 177 |
Page 178 |
Page 179 |
Page 180 |
Page 181 |
Page 182 |
Page 183 |
Page 184 |
Page 185 |
Page 186 |
Page 187 |
Page 188 |
Page 189 |
Page 190 |
Page 191 |
Page 192 |
Page 193 |
Page 194 |
Page 195 |
Page 196 |
Page 197 |
Page 198 |
Page 199 |
Page 200 |
Page 201 |
Page 202 |
Page 203 |
Page 204 |
Page 205 |
Page 206 |
Page 207 |
Page 208 |
Page 209 |
Page 210 |
Page 211 |
Page 212 |
Page 213 |
Page 214 |
Page 215 |
Page 216 |
Page 217 |
Page 218 |
Page 219 |
Page 220 |
Page 221 |
Page 222 |
Page 223 |
Page 224 |
Page 225 |
Page 226 |
Page 227 |
Page 228 |
Page 229 |
Page 230 |
Page 231 |
Page 232 |
Page 233 |
Page 234 |
Page 235 |
Page 236 |
Page 237 |
Page 238 |
Page 239 |
Page 240 |
Page 241 |
Page 242 |
Page 243 |
Page 244 |
Page 245 |
Page 246 |
Page 247 |
Page 248 |
Page 249 |
Page 250 |
Page 251 |
Page 252 |
Page 253 |
Page 254 |
Page 255 |
Page 256 |
Page 257 |
Page 258 |
Page 259 |
Page 260 |
Page 261 |
Page 262 |
Page 263 |
Page 264 |
Page 265 |
Page 266 |
Page 267 |
Page 268 |
Page 269 |
Page 270 |
Page 271 |
Page 272 |
Page 273 |
Page 274 |
Page 275 |
Page 276 |
Page 277 |
Page 278 |
Page 279 |
Page 280 |
Page 281 |
Page 282 |
Page 283 |
Page 284 |
Page 285 |
Page 286 |
Page 287 |
Page 288 |
Page 289 |
Page 290 |
Page 291 |
Page 292 |
Page 293 |
Page 294 |
Page 295 |
Page 296 |
Page 297 |
Page 298 |
Page 299 |
Page 300 |
Page 301 |
Page 302 |
Page 303 |
Page 304 |
Page 305 |
Page 306 |
Page 307 |
Page 308 |
Page 309 |
Page 310 |
Page 311 |
Page 312 |
Page 313 |
Page 314 |
Page 315 |
Page 316 |
Page 317 |
Page 318 |
Page 319 |
Page 320 |
Page 321 |
Page 322 |
Page 323 |
Page 324 |
Page 325 |
Page 326 |
Page 327 |
Page 328 |
Page 329 |
Page 330 |
Page 331 |
Page 332 |
Page 333 |
Page 334 |
Page 335 |
Page 336 |
Page 337 |
Page 338 |
Page 339 |
Page 340 |
Page 341 |
Page 342 |
Page 343 |
Page 344 |
Page 345 |
Page 346 |
Page 347 |
Page 348 |
Page 349 |
Page 350 |
Page 351 |
Page 352 |
Page 353 |
Page 354 |
Page 355 |
Page 356 |
Page 357 |
Page 358 |
Page 359 |
Page 360 |
Page 361 |
Page 362 |
Page 363 |
Page 364 |
Page 365 |
Page 366 |
Page 367 |
Page 368 |
Page 369 |
Page 370 |
Page 371 |
Page 372 |
Page 373 |
Page 374 |
Page 375 |
Page 376 |
Page 377 |
Page 378 |
Page 379 |
Page 380 |
Page 381 |
Page 382 |
Page 383 |
Page 384 |
Page 385 |
Page 386 |
Page 387 |
Page 388 |
Page 389 |
Page 390 |
Page 391 |
Page 392 |
Page 393 |
Page 394 |
Page 395 |
Page 396 |
Page 397 |
Page 398 |
Page 399 |
Page 400 |
Page 401 |
Page 402 |
Page 403 |
Page 404 |
Page 405 |
Page 406 |
Page 407 |
Page 408 |
Page 409 |
Page 410 |
Page 411 |
Page 412 |
Page 413 |
Page 414 |
Page 415 |
Page 416 |
Page 417 |
Page 418 |
Page 419 |
Page 420 |
Page 421 |
Page 422 |
Page 423 |
Page 424 |
Page 425 |
Page 426 |
Page 427 |
Page 428 |
Page 429 |
Page 430 |
Page 431 |
Page 432 |
Page 433 |
Page 434 |
Page 435 |
Page 436 |
Page 437 |
Page 438 |
Page 439 |
Page 440 |
Page 441 |
Page 442 |
Page 443 |
Page 444 |
Page 445 |
Page 446 |
Page 447 |
Page 448 |
Page 449 |
Page 450 |
Page 451 |
Page 452 |
Page 453 |
Page 454 |
Page 455 |
Page 456 |
Page 457 |
Page 458 |
Page 459 |
Page 460 |
Page 461 |
Page 462 |
Page 463 |
Page 464 |
Page 465 |
Page 466 |
Page 467 |
Page 468 |
Page 469 |
Page 470 |
Page 471 |
Page 472 |
Page 473 |
Page 474 |
Page 475 |
Page 476 |
Page 477 |
Page 478 |
Page 479 |
Page 480 |
Page 481 |
Page 482 |
Page 483 |
Page 484 |
Page 485 |
Page 486 |
Page 487 |
Page 488 |
Page 489 |
Page 490 |
Page 491 |
Page 492 |
Page 493 |
Page 494 |
Page 495 |
Page 496 |
Page 497 |
Page 498 |
Page 499 |
Page 500 |
Page 501 |
Page 502 |
Page 503 |
Page 504 |
Page 505 |
Page 506 |
Page 507 |
Page 508 |
Page 509 |
Page 510 |
Page 511 |
Page 512 |
Page 513 |
Page 514 |
Page 515 |
Page 516 |
Page 517 |
Page 518 |
Page 519 |
Page 520 |
Page 521 |
Page 522 |
Page 523 |
Page 524 |
Page 525 |
Page 526 |
Page 527 |
Page 528 |
Page 529 |
Page 530 |
Page 531 |
Page 532 |
Page 533 |
Page 534 |
Page 535 |
Page 536 |
Page 537 |
Page 538 |
Page 539 |
Page 540 |
Page 541 |
Page 542 |
Page 543 |
Page 544 |
Page 545 |
Page 546 |
Page 547 |
Page 548 |
Page 549 |
Page 550 |
Page 551 |
Page 552 |
Page 553 |
Page 554 |
Page 555 |
Page 556 |
Page 557 |
Page 558 |
Page 559 |
Page 560 |
Page 561 |
Page 562 |
Page 563 |
Page 564 |
Page 565 |
Page 566 |
Page 567 |
Page 568 |
Page 569 |
Page 570 |
Page 571 |
Page 572 |
Page 573 |
Page 574 |
Page 575 |
Page 576 |
Page 577 |
Page 578 |
Page 579 |
Page 580 |
Page 581 |
Page 582 |
Page 583 |
Page 584 |
Page 585 |
Page 586 |
Page 587 |
Page 588 |
Page 589 |
Page 590 |
Page 591 |
Page 592 |
Page 593 |
Page 594 |
Page 595 |
Page 596