HOW-TO SESSION: FIELD IMAGING


this report presented for evaluation of suspected arytenoid chondritis, the ultrasonographic findings did not support a diagnosis of arytenoid chondritis, leading to additional investigation and revision of the diagnosis. Congenital abnormalities involving the laryngeal cartilages can be imaged directly, instead of being inferred from UA endoscopic abnormalities. In the author’s practice, ultrasonography of the


Fig. 11. Transverse plane ultrasound image of the lateral aspect of the larynx of a horse with laryngeal dysplasia. The thyroid lamina (arrowhead) extends dorsal to the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage (arrow). Dorsal is to the left of the image and ventral is to the right of the image.


tilage. This has allowed us to assess the extent of disease in the cartilage, diagnose any associated abscesses or perilaryngeal inflammation, and moni- tor response to treatment. In some of the cases in


larynx has been incorporated as a routine procedure for investigation of UA disorders, as it contributes to a more thorough evaluation of the UA. Endoscopy is an excellent tool for assessment of laryngeal func- tion and abnormalities visible at the luminal aspect of the larynx, but ultrasonography allows more com- plete examination of the laryngeal cartilages and associated musculature, structures which were pre- viously difficult to evaluate. In addition, ultra- sonography can be useful in evaluation of poor performance or abnormal UA noise in cases where a dynamic UA examination is not feasible (due to availability, financial or liability concerns, concur- rent lameness, or other factors). Hopefully, future work will expand the uses of laryngeal ultrasonog- raphy for a variety of UA conditions.


Acknowledgments


Declaration of Ethics The Author declares that she has adhered to the Prin- ciples of Veterinary Medical Ethics of the AVMA.


Conflict of Interest The Author declares no conflicts of interest.


References


1. Martin BB, Davidson EJ, Durando MM, et al. Clinical ex- ercise testing: Overview of causes of poor performance. In: Hinchcliff KW, Kaneps AJ, Geor RJ, et al, eds. Equine sports medicine and surgery. Edinburgh: Saunders, 2004; 32–41.


2. Martin BB Jr, Reef VB, Parente EJ, et al. Causes of poor performance of horses during training, racing, or showing: 348 cases (1992–1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;216:554– 558.


3. Morris EA, Seeherman HJ. Clinical evaluation of poor per- formance in the racehorse: The results of 275 evaluations. Equine Vet J 1991;23:169–174.


4. Workshop summary consensus statements on equine recur- rent laryngeal neuropathy. Havemeyer Foundation Pro- ceedings of a Workshop on Equine Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy, Stratford-upon-Avon, UK, September 7–10, 2003;93–97.


5. Desmaizieres LM, Serraud N, Plainfosse B, et al. Dynamic respiratory endoscopy without treadmill in 68 performance Standardbred, Thoroughbred and saddle horses under natu- ral training conditions. Equine Vet J 2009;41:347–352.


Fig. 12. Dorsal plane ultrasound image of the lateral aspect of the larynx of a horse with laryngeal dysplasia. The thyroid cartilage (arrow) and the cricoid cartilage (small arrowhead) do not articulate. The CALM and vocalis muscles (large arrow- heads) are positioned between the thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage in the gap between the two cartilages. Rostral is to the left of the image and caudal is to the right of the image.


414 2015  Vol. 61  AAEP PROCEEDINGS


6. Rakestraw PC, Hackett RP, Ducharme NG, et al. Arytenoid cartilage movement in resting and exercising horses. Vet Surg 1991;20:122–127.


7. Chalmers HJ, Cheetham J, Yeager AE, et al. Ultrasonogra- phy of the equine larynx. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2006;47: 476–481.


8. Chalmers HJ, Cheetham J, Mohammed HO, et al. Ultra- sonography as an aid in the diagnosis of recurrent laryngeal neuropathy in horses in . Proceedings of the American Col-


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