charge was similar for horses following surgical correction for both groups.
4. Discussion
There are similar favorable short-term survival rates for GLE and EFE if appropriate surgical in- tervention is performed. A history of prior colic surgery may increase the risk of EFE.
THE THREE Cs OF GI: CHEWING, COLIC, AND COMPLICATIONS Acknowledgments
Declaration of Ethics The Authors declare that they have adhered to the Principles of Veterinary Medical Ethics of the AVMA.
Conflict of Interest The Authors declare no conflicts of interest.