IN-DEPTH: INFECTIOUS DISEASE OUTBREAK MANAGEMENT


horses are introduced to the resident equine population. Recent outbreaks have created more interest in biosecurity methods from equine owners and equine event organizers. Thus, equine practitioners could advise equine owners on the methods of infection control beyond vaccination, such as those that re- duce the risk of exposing equine to infectious dis- ease agents at their home operation or while off the home operation. In addition, by developing a marketing strategy for infection control beyond vaccination, veterinarians could expand their practice offerings and improve the health of their equine patients.


6. Information Resources for Equine Veterinarians


There is an ever-expanding library of equine text- books on biosecurity and specific equine infectious diseases. For example, the second edition of Equine Infectious Diseases2 has an entire chapter on biosecurity, 14 chapters on viral diseases, 19 on bacterial and rickettsial diseases, eight on fungal diseases, and seven on parasitic diseases. The American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) developed guidelines for vaccinating horses. These guidelines provide exposure-risk categories as well as specific recommendations for vaccinating various categories of horses (e.g., foals, broodmares, and other adult horses; available at www.aaep.org). In addition, the AAEP has guidelines for infection control at equine events and for venereal disease. Infection-control guidelines at equine events provide equine practitioners with an action plan when faced with an equine infectious-disease outbreak and provide details regarding the clinical and laboratory diagnostic aspects of selected equine diseases. The guidelines also include disease- prevention planning. The AAEP regularly re- views these guidelines. In addition, articles such as EquiManagement’s “Teaching Biosecurity at Shows & at Home”3 provides tips about educating clients and facility managers on implementing biosecurity practices before a disease problem occurs. The neurologic form of equine herpesvirus is of concern to equine owners, equine trainers, event organizers, and state animal health officials. The U.S. Animal Health Association’s (USAHA) Infec- tious Diseases of Horses Committee developed a guideline for managing EHM outbreaks (available at http://www.usaha.org/). Although this guideline was primarily directed at state animal health of- ficials, any veterinarian involved in the mitigation of an EHM outbreak will find the information of use. This guideline has multiple sections includ- ing 1) diagnostic testing, 2) quarantine placement, 3) quarantine release, 4) investigation and bios- ecurity measures, 5) incident communication, and 6) vaccination.


314 2016  Vol. 62  AAEP PROCEEDINGS 7. Information for Equine Owners


The USDA-APHIS-VS has recently updated an in- formation sheet titled, “Biosecurity Tips for Equine Owners,” which gives general guidance on infection control. The sheet emphasizes key infection-con- trol points that equine owners should be aware of and can be found at http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ animal-health/equine-health. An equine biosecurity risk calculator is available


from Equine Guelph (University of Guelph). As its name implies, this calculator enables equine owners and farm managers to assess the risk of introducing disease to their facility and provides educational materials related to controlling equine infectious diseases. The calculator is available at http://www. equineguelph.ca/Tools/biosecurity.php. Other edu- cational materials on this Web site include biosecu- rity information presented via a whiteboard scribble video and interviews with equine trainers regarding their approach to infection control. The “Equine Biosecurity Principles and Best Practices Guide,” was developed by the Alberta Vet- erinary Medical Association and the Alberta Eques- trian Federation as a way to interactively educate horse owners while encouraging discussions with a veterinarian regarding biosecurity on their facility. This tool is available at http://alberta equestrian.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/2014_ biosecurity_book.pdf. In addition to Web sites, other media have re-


cently featured stories about infection control, vac- cination, biosecurity, and specific equine infectious diseases. Many of these stories emphasize the im- portance of equine owners in working with their veterinarian, because he or she is most familiar with the owner’s horses and the specifics of the operation. This familiarity puts their veterinarian in the best position to develop a tailored vaccination and bios- ecurity plan.


8. Information for Equine Events or Venues


The “Horse Venue Biosecurity” workbook, based on the 2007 equine influenza outbreak in Australia, offers a self-assessment guide for all horse venues, including racetracks, shows, and boarding facilities (available at http://www.farmbiosecurity.com.au/ livestock/horses/horse-venue-biosecurity-workbook/). The California Department of Food and Agricul-


ture developed a biosecurity toolkit for equine events. This toolkit has two main themes: ways to reduce the risk of introducing disease to an equine event, and reducing the risk of spreading pathogens if an infectious disease occurs at an equine event. In addition, the toolkit’s appendices includes mate- rials that support the implementation of various practices covered in the toolkit. The toolkit is available at https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/ahfss/Animal_ Health/Equine_Biosecurity.html. The Colorado Department of Agriculture’s State Veterinarian’s office has met with several equine event organizers to review a template for a business


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