IN-DEPTH: INFECTIOUS DISEASE OUTBREAK MANAGEMENT


fying diseased equids, those with positive test re- sults for diseases regulated in the state, conducting epidemiologic investigations, tracing and potentially testing exposed animals, assessing and determining quarantine implementation and release parameters, implementing appropriate disease control methodol- ogies, issuing movement restrictions when appropri- ate, and reporting disease investigation findings. Implementation of science-based biosecurity mea- sures is critical to protecting the health of the na- tional equine population from diseases of regulatory concern.1


2. State Reportable Disease Lists—Equine


Equine diseases of regulatory concern are those that have potential state, national, or global significance. For example, an incursion of a foreign animal dis- ease, such as African horse sickness in the United States would have significant national and global impact given that the U.S. equine population is na- ïve to this disease and could result in high mortality and immediate trade implications including likely movement restrictions on export of equids from the U.S. In contrast, an introduction of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi into a group of horses on a U.S. farm would result in limited fatalities in the affected horses and minimal, if any, restrictions on trade. Both diseases are of concern to the U.S. equine in- dustry; all states require reporting of African horse sickness if it were to occur in the U.S. but only a few states require reporting of strangles cases. The World Organization for Animal Health (Office


of Epizootics International [OIE]) member countries must report the occurrence of any disease deemed by OIE as of international significance. The list of international reportable diseases can be found at http://www.oie.int/animal-health-in-the-world/oie- listed-diseases-2016/. The following diseases of equids are included on the OIE Reportable Disease List: African horse sickness, contagious equine metritis (CEM), dourine, Eastern and Western equine encephalomyelitis, equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), equine infectious anemia (EIA), equine in- fluenza, equine piroplasmosis (EP), equine viral ar- teritis, glanders, rabies, West Nile virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Detection of a for- eign animal disease, one not known to exist in the U.S., would have major economic and trade effects and require immediate state/federal notification and prompt implementation of control measures to pro- tect the U.S. equine population. In the U.S., the National Animal Health Report-


ing System (NAHRS) is the U.S. reporting system for the OIE-reportable diseases. SAHOs submit monthly reports of the occurrence of confirmed OIE- reportable diseases in livestock in their states to U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) via NAHRS. The reporting is as a yes or no for occur- rence of the listed disease in the state. The NAHRS Reportable Diseases list is available at: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animal


336 2016  Vol. 62  AAEP PROCEEDINGS


health/monitoring-and-surveillance/sa_disease_ reporting/ct_disease_list. It is important to note that SAHOs are responsible


for monitoring equine disease trends in their states to assess risks and to determine triggers for en- hanced disease control measures in the state. Each state develops and maintains a state reportable- disease list, which might include endemic equine diseases of concern to the state’s equine industry, in addition to OIE- and USDA-reportable diseases and conditions. SAHOs determine which diseases are reportable to their office, often in consultation with industry. Industry-driven reportable diseases may include diseases such as strangles or pigeon fever. The state veterinarian determines who is responsi- ble for reporting the disease or condition (i.e., diag- nostic laboratory, veterinarians, owners, etc.), to whom to make the report (state/federal official), when it should be reported (i.e., immediately [within 24 h] or within 2 days or within 30 days), and what should be reported (suspicious signs or conditions, laboratory-confirmed case, confirmed disease agent detection). For example, equine herpesvirus my- eloencephalopathy (EHM) was added to the Califor- nia Reportable Animal Disease List in January 2011. Before 2011, California SAHOs had been monitoring the situation and noted an increase in confirmed neurologic cases of EHV-1. Nationally, the increase in the number of EHM outbreaks war- ranted further industry research and discussions to determine appropriate actions that should occur when this disease is in California. The California Department of Food and Agriculture Equine Advi- sory Committee agreed that the risk of EHM neces- sitated regulatory actions to protect the health of the California equine industry and a decision was made to add EHM to the California Reportable Disease List.


Inconsistencies in state reportable animal disease


lists are a recognized challenge to those in the equine industry and the lists represent a variation in equine disease risk and control issues across the United States. Private practitioners are encour- aged to familiarize themselves with the reportable disease list in their state and to communicate di- rectly any concerns regarding the state reportable disease list to SAHOs.


3. Detection of Reportable Disease


The private practitioner is essential in protecting the health of the equine industry given that they are the first line of defense and response to a regu- latory reportable disease situation. If a reportable disease is suspected, the private practitioner is urged to promptly contact the local state or federal animal health official to discuss the situation. The state regulatory official can provide immediate guid- ance on management of a suspect case specifically related to sample collection, specimen handling, ap- propriate diagnostic tests to request, and implemen- tation of biosecurity measures. In addition, the


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