314 hair
| not to adversely affect
for various products and services care needs to be made their welfare. According to Makowiecki
et al. ( 2022 ), equines are used in religious ceremonies as sacrificial animals, apotropaic deposits, animals for divination and cosmologi- cal figures. To keep equines in the hands of traditional communities, further research on their ritual values is required. To avoid portray- ing equines negatively, social issues such as drunken conversations, which frequently focus on donkeys and occasionally on mules, should be avoided. Menard et al. ( 2002 ) found that horses consumed 63% more food
per month than cattle did. Horses foraged 50% longer than cattle. Overall, horses consumed more dry matter daily than ruminants, and they were less able to digest dry matter than ruminants. According to Gore et al. ( 2008 ), horses consume 38–45 L of water each day. On average, dry cows consume 41 L of water per day, ranging from 34 to 49 L (Ward & Mckague, 2019 ). According to Menard et al. ( 2002 ), the daily intake of digestible dry matter (nutrient extraction) and feed, regardless of the season, is higher in horses than in cattle. As a re- sult, horses ' higher bodyweight may have some bearing on their high feed consumption. A horse weighing between 400 and 600 kg produces between
19 and 30 kg of dung and urine per day (Lawrence et al., 2003 ). Additionally, according to Toribio et al. ( 2007 ), each horse produces approximately 12 litres of urine each day. The mean urine volume in dry cows is 12.8 kg per day (Kume et al., 2010 ). However, according to a study carried out in the USA, cows produce more manure per animal unit (AU) in cubic feet per 1000 pounds of bodyweight per day than horses do (review by Bradley, 2008 ). The fertiliser units (%N, %P 2 O 5 and %K 2 O) of the major fer-
tilising elements, N–P–K, can be used to classify manure. The following results were obtained: cows (1.9–0.7–2.1) and horses (2.1–1.7–5.0). Horse manure contains more organic matter than cow manure because horses digest their food less thoroughly (Keskinen et al., 2017 ). Horse manure typically has a lower risk of odour (Bradley, 2008 ). Monogastric animals produce waste that contains more nutrients than ruminants. Because ruminants ex- tract a significant amount of nutrients from fodder, the leftovers are rich in lignin complexes. It has been established that cattle ma- nure has lower available volatile solids, which is indicative of low carbon content (Yusuf et al., 2011 ). According to Yusuf et al. ( 2011 ), while the ambient room temperature ranged from 27 to 32°C, the volatile solid content of cow dung and horse dung was determined to be 58.7% and 87.5%, respectively. These findings indicate that horse manure is superior for use in biogas production. As horses are non-ruminant animals, their digestive systems produce much less methane through fermentation, resulting in lower greenhouse gas emissions (Dong et al., 2006 ). Horses and cattle can graze together because horses are bet-
ter survived on graminoids and cattle use more dicotyledons. Horses primarily graze on short grasses (Menard et al., 2002 ). When multiple species of herbivores graze in the same area,
DESTA
forage resources are typically used more effectively and sustain- able production is enhanced. These advantages are the result of the different dietary habits of the animals, as one type of livestock may enjoy plants that another does not (Walker, 1997 ). According to a study conducted in France, horses were mostly found in heav- ily grazed old fields and cattle in natural grasslands. The horses consumed more coarse grasses, and the cattle consumed more herb-rich swards and clovers. The perennial monocotyledons, which made up a larger portion of horse diets, were of lower qual- ity than the clovers (Menard et al., 2002 ), indicating the ability of horses to subsist on poor-quality roughages. According to Osoro et al. ( 2015 ), horses, which consume a lot of grass, compete with cattle and sheep for pastures. In conclusion, equids play a significant role in rural develop-
ment. Nevertheless, the importance of equines has gone unnoticed by policymakers and the public. However, equines offer clear and cost-effective solutions that support some of the poorest and most vulnerable groups in the community. Despite the silent demise of the equine world, opportunities still exist. To ensure the continued survival of this species, it is essential to establish an enthusiastic so- ciety for the equine world. To maintain equines health, veterinary services must be developed and the welfare of the equine industry must be improved.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS TTD conceived and designed the study, collected and analysed the data, and wrote the manuscript.
ACKNO WLE DGE MENTS Individuals who have shared their lifelong invaluable experiences with the equine production system are highly acknowledged.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT The author declares that he has no conflict of interest.
ETHICS STATEMENT Verbal consent was obtained from all the respondents.
ORCID Takele Taye Desta
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3474-0731
REFERENCES
Alves , R.R.N. & Souto , W.M.S. ( 2015 ) Ethnozoology: a brief introduction . Ethnobiology and Conservation , 4 . Available from: https:// doi. org/ 10. 15451/ ec201 5- 1- 4. 1- 1- 13
Bender , K. & Stowe , C.J. ( 2019 ) Home off the range: the role of Wild horse internet adoptions in informing sustainable Western united state rangeland management . Sustainability , 12 ( 1 ), 279 .
Bradley , A.L. ( 2008 ) Manure management for small and hobby farms . Brattleboro, VT : Northeast Recycling Council, Inc .
Bush , K. & Marczak , J. ( 2001 ) The principles of teaching riding: the official manual of the Association of British Riding Schools . Newton Abbot : David & Charles .
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