592
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RIEMERSMA ET AL.
FIGURE 7 Three groups of different post- operative serum amyloid A values (Negative, Moderate and High) related to the sum of weight of excised vaginal process with content. Presenting mean (solid line), 50% range (blue box), full range of data (vertical line) and exceptional values (°).
TABLE 3 Third day p.o. SAA of eight groups of field castrations compared with the closed inguinal approach. Literature
Jacobsen et al. ( 2005 ) 1 Jacobsen et al. ( 2005 ) 2 Busk et al. ( 2010 ) 1 Busk et al. ( 2010 ) 2 Haucke et al. ( 2017 ) 1 Haucke et al. ( 2017 ) 2 Bergstrom et al. ( 2021 ) 1 Bergstrom et al. ( 2021 ) 2
N 1 S1 Mean SAA, mg/L 11
7
24 26 24 23 33 32
68 67
370 428 151 216 479 608
458 550 543 708 664 729 608 570
t
4.75 4.75 6.18 7.94
10.27 10.50 6.43 5.35
df
60 56 73 75 73 72 82 81
p - Value
0.00000666 0.00000726 0.00000002 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000040
p
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Cohen ' s d 2.75
2.71 1.42 1.75 1.98 2.48 1.34 1.11
Note : Post- operative mean serum amyloid A (SAA) values of 51 horses castrated by the closed inguinal approach in comparison with mean SAA values of eight groups of horses castrated in field castrations (FC) using a paired t - test. Representing author of respective FC study, number of horses in FC study ( N 1), standard deviation (S1), mean SAA, test value ( t ), degrees of freedom (df), calculated probability ( p - value), significance level ( p ), Cohen ' s d .
of surgical site complications and there was no feedback from the owners that the health situation of the horses had changed after returning home. It has to be speculated upon the possible causes since the results of the SAA measurements came in after discharge. The 3- year- old Standardbred (p.o. SAA of 514 mg/L) came in with a base SAA of 75 mg/L which may indicate some minor orthopaedic trauma. Having Derby- age, a less performing horse could have moti- vated the trainer to give the colt some time off and use this time for castration. Recovery may have temporarily exaggerated this injury even without obvious symptoms, while performing just walking and having stall rest. The 2- year- old riding pony (p.o. SAA of 747 mg/L) with a pre- operative SAA value of <3 mg/L, required dart- sedation, being an intramuscular injection with some traumatic potential. The one- sided intra- abdominal cryptorchid testis was detected on the table while the standing pony was untouchable. It required some extra exposure, opening the abdominal cavity by widening the inner
inguinal ring and leaving an intra- abdominal ligature. The extra time in surgery was limited (8 min) using the non- invasive inguinal crypt- orchidectomy (Adams & Fessler, 2000 ). All together this may have caused an additional inflammatory response. The 9- year- old Welsh Cob (p.o. SAA of 1110 mg/L) with a base SAA value of <3 mg/L de- veloped p.o. a one- sided superficial infection, most likely by p.o. con- tamination, which will cause a rise in SAA. The infection was treated by antimicrobials and the pony was discharged 3 days later (6th day p.o.). The 4- year- old Warmblood (p.o. SAA 1160 mg/L) showed a pre- operative SAA of <3 mg/L. A not anticipated older incisor frac- ture was treated by simple extraction during surgery. On the request of the owner, a Tetanus vaccination (Equilis Te, MSD Animal Health) was given immediately after recovery, which may have influenced the SAA value (Andersen et al., 2012 ; Duran et al., 2020 ). Other possible non- related traumatic or inflammatory sources were not detected in these horses. There may be arguments to exclude these
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