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RESPIRATORY DISTRESS IN HORSES REFERENCES


Abrahamsen , E.J. , Bohanon , T.C. , Bednarski , R.M. , Hubbell , J.A. & Muir , W.W. , 3rd . ( 1990 ) Bilateral arytenoid cartilage paralysis after in- halation anesthesia in a horse . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 197 ( 10 ), 1363 – 1365 .


Allen , K.J. ( 2010 ) Laryngeal paralysis secondary to lead toxicosis . Equine Veterinary Education , 22 ( 4 ), 182 – 186 .


Arroyo , M.G. , Slovis , N.M. , Moore , G.E. & Taylor , S.D. ( 2017 ) Factors as- sociated with survival in 97 horses with septic pleuropneumonia . Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine , 31 ( 3 ), 894 – 900 .


Austin , S.F. , Foreman , J.H. & Goetz , T.H. ( 1988 ) Aspiration pneumonia following near drowning in a mare: a case repost . Journal of Equine Veterinary Science , 8 ( 4 ), 313 – 316 .


Ball , M.A. & Trim , C.M. ( 1996 ) Post anaesthetic pulmonary oedema in two horses . Equine Veterinary Education , 8 ( 1 ), 13 – 16 .


Begg , A.P. , Reece , R.L. , Hum , S. , Townsend , W. , Gordon , A. & Carrick , J. ( 2011 ) Pathological changes in horses dying with equine influenza in Australia, 2007 . Australian Veterinary Journal , 89 ( Suppl 1 ), 19 – 22 .


Borer , K.E. ( 2005 ) Pulmonary oedema associated with anaesthesia for colic surgery in a horse . Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia , 32 ( 4 ), 228 – 232 .


Boy , M.G. & Sweeney , C.R. ( 2000 ) Pneumothorax in horses: 40 cases (1980- 1997) . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 216 ( 12 ), 1955 – 1959 .


Bush , A. & Griffiths , C. ( 2017 ) Improving treatment of asthma attacks in children . British Medical Journal , 359 , j5763 .


Calzetta , L. , Crupi , R. , Roncada , P. , Pistocchini , E. , di Cave , D. , Rossi , I. et al. ( 2020 ) Clinical efficacy of bronchodilators in equine asthma: looking for minimal important difference . Equine Veterinary Journal , 52 ( 2 ), 305 – 313 .


Camacho- Luna , P. , Andrews , F.M. , Dehghanpir , S.D. , Gaunt , S.D. , Kim , K. , Wakamatsu , N. et al. ( 2021 ) Bicavitary effusion in a horse with mul- ticentric lymphoma . Equine Veterinary Education , 33 ( 7 ), e221 – e230 .


Couetil , L. , Hammer , J. , Miskovic Feutz , M. , Nogradi , N. , Perez- Moreno , C. & Ivester , K. ( 2012 ) Effects of N- butylscopolammonium bro- mide on lung function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction . Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine , 26 ( 6 ), 1433 – 1438 .


Davis , E. ( 2018 ) Bacterial pneumonia and pleuropneumonia . In: Reed , S.M. , Bayly , M.W. & Sellon , D.C. (Eds.) Equine Internal Medicine . St Louis, Missouri : Elsevier , pp. 1 – 348 .


Day , T.K. , Holcombe , S.J. & Muir , W.W. , II . ( 1993 ) Postanesthetic pulmo- nary edema in an Arab stallion . Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care , 3 ( 2 ), 90 – 95 .


de Lagarde , M. , Rodrigues , N. , Chevigny , M. , Beauchamp , G. , Albrecht , B. & Lavoie , J.P. ( 2014 ) N- butylscopolammonium bromide causes fewer side effects than atropine when assessing bronchoconstric- tion reversibility in horses with heaves . Equine Veterinary Journal , 46 ( 4 ), 474 – 478 .


Deane , J.C. , Dagleish , M.P. , Benamou , A.E. , Wolf , B.T. & Marlin , D. ( 2004 ) Effects of syringe material and temperature and duration of stor- age on the stability of equine arterial blood gas variables . Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia , 31 ( 4 ), 250 – 257 .


Dixon , P.M. , McGorum , B.C. , Railton , D.I. , Hawe , C. , Tremaine , W.H. , Pickles , K. et al. ( 2001 ) Laryngeal paralysis: a study of 375 cases in a mixed- breed population of horses . Equine Veterinary Journal , 33 ( 5 ), 452 – 458 .


Dunkel , B. , Dolente , B. & Boston , R.C. ( 2005 ) Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome in 15 foals . Equine Veterinary Journal , 37 ( 5 ), 435 – 440 .


Frank , J.A. , Wang , Y. , Osorio , O. & Matthay , M.A. ( 2000 ) Beta- adrenergic agonist therapy accelerates the resolution of hydrostatic pulmo- nary edema in sheep and rats . Journal of Applied Biology (1985) , 89 ( 4 ), 1255 – 1265 .


Frederick , J. , Giguere , S. , Butterworth , K. , Pellegrini- Masini , A. , Casas- Dolz , R. & Turpin , M.M. ( 2010 ) Severe phenylephrine- associated


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hemorrhage in five aged horses . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 237 ( 7 ), 830 – 834 .


Grasmuk- Siegl , E. & Valipour , A. ( 2023 ) Nitrogen wash- out in non- hypoxaemic patients with spontaneous pneumothorax: a narrative review . Journal of Clinical Medicine , 12 ( 13 ), 4300 .


Henrikson , S.L. & Rush , B.R. ( 2001 ) Efficacy of salmeterol xinafoate in horses with recurrent airway obstruction . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 218 ( 12 ), 1961 – 1965 .


Hughes , K.J. , McGorum , B.C. , Love , S. & Dixon , P.M. ( 2009 ) Bilateral la- ryngeal paralysis associated with hepatic dysfunction and hepatic encephalopathy in six ponies and four horses . Veterinary Record , 164 ( 5 ), 142 – 147 .


Humber , K.A. ( 1988 ) Near drowning of a gelding . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 192 ( 3 ), 377 – 378 .


Johns , I. , Marr , C. , Durham , A. , Mair , T. & McParland , T. ( 2017 ) Causes of pleural effusions in horses resident in the UK . Equine Veterinary Education , 29 ( 3 ), 144 – 148 .


Kemper , T. , Spier , S. , Barratt- Boyes , S.M. & Hoffman , R. ( 1993 ) Treatment of smoke inhalation in five horses . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 202 ( 1 ), 91 – 94 .


Kennedy , S.A. , Constable , P.D. , Sen , I. & Couetil , L. ( 2012 ) Effects of sy- ringe type and storage conditions on results of equine blood gas and acid- base analysis . American Journal of Veterinary Research , 73 ( 7 ), 979 – 987 .


Khanoria , R. , Chauhan , R. , Sarna , R. & Bloria , S. ( 2021 ) Re- expansion pul- monary edema- a rare entity: a thin line between pulmonary and cardiac decompensation . Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine , 25 ( 3 ), 343 – 345 .


Kopec , E.K. , Hepburn , R. , Jones , B. & Smith , S. ( 2024 ) Haemopneumothorax as a complication of bronchoalveolar lavage . Equine Veterinary Education , 36 ( 6 ), e151 – e161 . Available from: https:// doi. org/ 10. 1111/ eve. 13935


Lakritz , J. , Wilson , W.D. , Berry , C.R. , Schrenzel , M.D. , Carlson , G.P. & Madigan , J.E. ( 1993 ) Bronchointerstitial pneumonia and respira- tory distress in young horses: clinical, clinicopathologic,


graphic, and pathological findings in 23 cases (1984- 1989) . Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine , 7 ( 5 ), 277 – 288 .


Lascola , K.M. , Clark- Price , S.C. , Joslyn , S.K. , Mitchell , M.A. , O ' Brien , R.T. , Hartman , S.K. et al. ( 2016 ) Use of manual alveolar recruitment ma- neuvers to eliminate atelectasis artifacts identified during thoracic computed tomography of healthy neonatal foals . American Journal of Veterinary Research , 77 ( 11 ), 1276 – 1287 .


Lascola , K.M. , O ' Brien , R.T. , Wilkins , P.A. , Clark- Price , S.C. , Hartman , S.K. & Mitchell , M.A. ( 2013 ) Qualitative and quantitative in- terpretation of computed tomography of the lungs in healthy neonatal foals . American Journal of Veterinary Research , 74 ( 9 ), 1239 – 1246 .


Lavoie , J.P. , Bullone , M. , Rodrigues , N. , Germim , P. , Albrecht , B. & von Salis- Soglio , M. ( 2019 ) Effect of different doses of inhaled cicle- sonide on lung function, clinical signs related to airflow limitation and serum cortisol levels in horses with experimentally induced mild to severe airway obstruction . Equine Veterinary Journal , 51 ( 6 ), 779 – 786 .


Leclere , M. , Lefebvre- Lavoie , J. , Beauchamp , G. & Lavoie , J.P. ( 2010 ) Efficacy of oral prednisolone and dexamethasone in horses with recurrent airway obstruction in the presence of continuous antigen exposure . Equine Veterinary Journal , 42 ( 4 ), 316 – 321 .


MacDuff , A. , Arnold , A. , Harvey , J. & BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group . ( 2010 ) Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society pleural disease guideline 2010 . Thorax , 65 ( Suppl 2 ), ii18 – ii31 .


McGorum , B.C. , Stratford , C.H. , Keen , A. & Pierce , S.W. ( 2018 ) Adverse effects of intrapleural instillation of tissue plasminogen activator in a horse: suspected re- expansion pulmonary oedema . Equine Veterinary Educatio , 30 ( 1 ), 16 – 19 .


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