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to day −1 before treatment (65.25 ± 2.12 and 15.55 ± 2.65) while their values during treatment at first and second ovulations days were not different.
Exosome treatment effect on conception and fertility
On the 9th day after insemination for all mares, the first ultra- sound check identified an embryonic vesicle and thus a pregnancy that is still ongoing as of last examination in all treated mares (Figure 5 ). All mares did not develop delayed uterine clearance;
ABDELNABY ET AL.
another scan was done on days 14 and 20 to check the embryo (Figure 5 ).
Hormonal evaluation before and after exosomal treatment
The level of oestradiol was significantly ( p = 0.01) decreased on day 0 of the 3rd ovulation (54.82 ± 6.72) when compared to day −1 before treatment
(88.12 ± 14.52) while their values during treatment at first and second ovulations days were not different.
TABLE 1 B and colour modes of both uterine horns and body in relation to steroids in mares before, during and after intrauterine injection with exosomes compared to control.
Before treatment Parameter
U. horn thickness (mm) U. body thickness (mm) U. body diameter (mm) UB coloured area/pixels
Total uterine coloured area/pixels
UA PI (index) UA RI (index) UA PV (cm/s) UA EV (cm/s) Rate (bpm)
Estradiol 17β, pg/mL Progesterone, ng/mL
Day −1
14.44 ± 1.41 c 19.09 ± 1.01 c 13.26 ± 1.82 c 1854 ± 11.29 a 3262 ± 33.05 a
1.56 ± 0.01 0.86 ± 0.01
15.55 ± 2.65 a 2.36 ± 0.25
65.25 ± 2.12 a 88.12 ± 14.52 c 0.12 ± 0.42
Note : Data are presented as mean ± SEM.
Abbreviations: bpm, beat per minute; EV, end- diastolic velocity; PI, pulsatility index; PV, peak velocity; RI, resistance index; U, uterine; UA, uterine artery; UB, uterine body. a,b,c Frequencies or means within an end- point column are different ( p < 0.05).
During treatment
Day 0: 1st ovulation 13.31 ± 0.32 b
17.15 ± 0.25 b 11.79 ± 0.85 b 1985 ± 41.54 b 3381 ± 11.52 b
1.55 ± 0.01 0.88 ± 0.01 18.95 ± 0.74 b 2.12 ± 0.17
71.32 ± 2.85 b
74.06 ± 15.252 b 0.09 ± 0.14
Day 0: 2nd ovulation
13.22 ± 0.12 b 15.48 ± 0.42 b 11.59 ± 1.42 b 1992 ± 15.1 b 3446 ± 14.71 b
1.58 ± 0.01 0.91 ± 0.02
19.65 ± 1.21 b 2.45 ± 0.11
75.21 ± 4.33 b 71.14 ± 22.61 b 0.19 ± 0.13
After treatment
Day 0: 3rd ovulation
10.25 ± 0.02 a 11.88 ± 1.11 a 10.95 ± 0.99 a 2254 ± 21.41 c 3854 ± 15.51 c
1.52 ± 0.01 0.87 ± 0.02
25.32 ± 0.09 c 2.06 ± 0.07
81.135.25 c
54.82 ± 6.72 a 0.15 ± 0.85
Control
10.33 ± 0.25 a 11.87 ± 0.32 a 11.01 ± 0.02 a 2244 ± 12.32 c 3901 ± 21.32 c
1.55 ± 0.01 0.88 ± 0.01 20.01 ± 0.01 1.99 ± 0.01
79.36 ± 3.22 c 55.98 ± 2.36 a 0.09 ± 0.01
p - Value 0.01
0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01
0.56 0.74 0.01 0.53 0.01 0.01 0.25
FIGURE 5 B- mode ultrasound results determined embryo after one cycle of the second treatment using exosomes on days 9 (a), 14 (b) and 20 (c).
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