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LYDIKSEN ET AL.
FIGURE 1 An overview of the details regarding further treatments.
and probability of success as well as age and the probability of AB being used were assessed using bootstrapping, employing the central limit theorem, following the example of Nicolaisen et al. ( 2020 ) (Data S2 ). A multivariate analysis was done by using logistic regression to
check if any interaction effects existed between AB and the other categorical variables on the probability of success. Lastly, the final model was built using logistic regression with
the R-function glemer() , including AB and any additional variables, which were found to be significant in the above-mentioned analyses. Surgeon was included as a random effect (Bates et al., 2015 ). All statistical analyses in this study were performed using the R language for statistical computing (R Core Team, 2020 ).
RESULTS Descriptive statistics
Overall, 114 horses presented at HTK with nasal discharge in the study period. A total of 92 horses were eligible for inclusion after exclusion of horses where another or no cause of the nasal discharge was found, that is, horses with primary sinusitis, horses with sec- ondary sinusitis due to other causes than dental pathology, horses with iatrogenic sinusitis following dental extraction or horses with other respiratory/nasal disease. A questionnaire was emailed to the owners of these 92 horses of which 58 owners ended up respond- ing. One horse was presented for two dental extractions in the
same side, but due to two separate disease events and was there- fore included in the study twice. In contrast, two horses were also presented for two dental extractions during a continuous course of disease, which was therefore considered as a single treatment with extraction of several teeth. These horses were only included once. Thus, a total of 59 cases were included in the study (Data S3 ). Of the 59 included cases, seven horses fell into the ‘unsuccess-
ful/subjected to euthanasia’ category. Of these, one horse was sub- jected to euthanasia due to irreversible chronic changes within the sinuses, two horses were subjected to euthanasia due to reasons other than sinusitis, one horse was used as a breeding mare and did not receive further treatment, one horse was yet to receive further treatment and two horse received further treatment elsewhere (treatment details not known). Two horses, both of which received perioperative antibiotics,
received additional treatment at initial presentation. One of these horses was subjected to sinus trephination surgery and the other horse was subjected to transnasal lavage.
Univariate analysis
The univariate analysis showed no significant association between any of the categorical variables and the chance of success; Table 2 shows the exact p -values related to these variables. Bootstrapping analysis for the association between the numerical variable ‘age’ and probability of success showed no significant association ( p = 0.68).
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