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in equine cervical vertebra . Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound , 57 , 482 – 488 .
Veraa , S. , de Graaf , K. , Wijnberg , I.D. , Back , W. , Vernooij , H. , Nielen , M. et al. ( 2020 ) Caudal cervical vertebral morphological variation is not associated with clinical signs in Warmblood horses . Equine Veterinary Journal , 52 , 219 – 224 .
Veraa , S. , Scheffer , C.J.W. , Smeets , D.H.M. , Bruin , R.B. , Hoogendoorn , A.C. , Vernooij , J.C.M. et al. ( 2021 ) Cervical disc width index is a reli- able parameter and consistent in young growing Dutch Warmblood horses . Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound , 62 , 11 – 19 .
Widmer , W.R. & Thrall , D.E. ( 2018 ) Canine and feline vertebrae . In: Thrall , D.E. (Ed.) Textbook of veterinary diagnostic radiology , 7th edi- tion . Maryland Heights, MO : Elsevier Inc , pp. 249 – 269 .
Withers , J.M. , Voute , L.C. , Hammond , G. & Lischer , C.J. ( 2009 ) Radiographic anatomy of the articular process joints of the caudal cervical vertebrae in the horse on lateral and oblique projections . Equine Veterinary Journal , 41 , 895 – 902 .
INDICATIONS PROTAZIL®
(1.56% diclazuril) Antiprotozoal
Pellets are indicated for the treatment of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) caused by Sarcocystis neurona in horses.
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Dosage: PROTAZIL®
FOR ORAL USE IN HORSES ONLY
CAUTION Federal (U.S.A.) law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian. NADA #141-268 Approved by FDA
DESCRIPTION Diclazuril, (±)-2,6-dichloro-α-(4-chlorophenyl)- 4-(4,5-dihydro-3,5-dioxo-1,2,4-triazin-2(3H)-yl) benzeneacetonitrile, has a molecular formula of C17
H9 CI3 N4 O2 , a molecular weight of 407.64, and a molecular structure as follows: (1.56% diclazuril) is
administered as a top dress in the horse’s daily grain ration at a rate of 1 mg diclazuril per kg (0.45 mg diclazuril/lb) of body weight for 28 days. The quantity of PROTAZIL®
pellets per kg (29 mg pellets/lb) of body weight.
Administration: To achieve this dose, weigh the horse (or use a weigh tape)). Scoop up PROTAZIL®
Weight Range of Horse (lb)
mLs of Pellets
50
Weight Range of Horse (lb)
275 - 524 20 1275 - 1524 525 - 774 30 1525 - 1774 775 - 1024 40 1775 - 2074 1025 - 1274
- One 2.4-lb bucket of PROTAZIL®
CONTRAINDICATIONS Use of PROTAZIL®
mLs of Pellets 60
70 80 -
will treat one 1274-
lb horse for 28 days. One 10-lb bucket of PROTAZIL® will treat five 1100-lb horses for 28 days.
(1.56% diclazuril) Antiprotozoal
Pellets is contraindicated in horses with known hypersensitivity to diclazuril.
Diclazuril is an anticoccidial (antiprotozoal) compound with activity against several genera of the phylum Apicomplexa. PROTAZIL® (diclazuril) is supplied as oral pellets containing 1.56% diclazuril to be mixed as a top-dress in feed. Inert ingredients include dehydrated alfalfa meal, wheat middlings, cane molasses and propionic acid (preservative).
WARNINGS For use in horses only. Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Not for human use. Keep out of reach of children.
PRECAUTIONS The safe use of PROTAZIL®
(1.56% diclazuril)
Antiprotozoal Pellets in horses used for breeding purposes, during pregnancy, or in lactating mares has not been evaluated. The safety of PROTAZIL®
(1.56%
diclazuril) Antiprotozoal Pellets with concomitant therapies in horses has not been evaluated.
to
the level (cup mark) corresponding to the dose for the horse’s body weight using the following chart:
necessary to deliver this dose is 64 mg
ADVERSE REACTIONS There were no adverse effects noted in the field study which could be ascribed to diclazuril. To report suspected adverse reactions, to obtain a MSDS, or for technical assistance call 1-800-224-5318.
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY The effectiveness of diclazuril in inhibiting merozoite production of Sarcocystis neurona and S. falcatula in bovine turbinate cell cultures was studied by Lindsay and Dubey (2000).1
Diclazuril inhibited
merozoite production by more than 80% in cultures of S. neurona or S. falcatula treated with 0.1 ng/ mL diclazuril and greater than 95% inhibition of merozoite production (IC95
) was observed when
infected cultures were treated with 1.0 ng/mL diclazuril. The clinical relevance of the in vitro cell culture data has not been determined.
PHARMACOKINETICS IN THE HORSE The oral bioavailability of diclazuril from the PROTAZIL®
(1.56% diclazuril) Antiprotozoal
Pellets at a 5 mg/kg dose rate is approximately 5%. Related diclazuril concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) range between 1% and 5% of the concentrations observed in the plasma. Nevertheless, based upon equine pilot study data, CSF concentrations are expected to substantially exceed the in vitro IC95
(Dirikolu et al., 1999)2
estimates for merozoite production . Due to its long terminal
elimination half-life in horses (approximately 43-65 hours), diclazuril accumulation occurs with once-daily dosing. Corresponding steady state blood levels are achieved by approximately Day 10 of administration.
EFFECTIVENESS Two hundred and fourteen mares, stallions, and geldings of various breeds, ranging in age from 9.6 months to 30 years, were enrolled in a multi-center field study. All horses were confirmed EPM-positive based on the results of clinical examinations and laboratory testing, including CSF Western Blot analyses. Horses were administered PROTAZIL® (1.56% diclazuril) Antiprotozoal Pellets at doses of 1, 5, or 10 mg diclazuril/kg body weight as a top-dress
on their daily grain ration for 28 days. The horses were then evaluated for clinical changes via a modified Mayhew neurological scale on Day 48 as follows:
0. Normal, neurological deficits not detected. 1. Neurological deficits may be detectable at normal gaits; signs exacerbated with manipulative procedures (e.g., backing, turning in tight circles, walking with head elevation, truncal swaying, etc.).
2. Neurological deficit obvious at normal gaits or posture; signs exacerbated with manipulative procedures.
3. Neurological deficit very prominent at normal gaits: horses give the impression they may fall (but do not) and buckle or fall with manipulative procedures.
4. Neurological deficit is profound at normal gait: horse frequently stumbles or trips and may fall at normal gaits or when manipulative procedures were utilized. 5. Horse is recumbent, unable to rise.
Each horse’s response to treatment was compared to its pre-treatment values. Successful response to treatment was defined as clinical improvement of at least one grade by Day 48 ± conversion of CSF to Western Blot-negative status for S. neurona or achievement of Western Blot-negative CSF status without improvement of 1 ataxia grade.
Forty-two horses were initially evaluated for effectiveness and 214 horses were evaluated for safety. Clinical condition was evaluated by the clinical investigator’s subjective scoring and then corroborated by evaluation of the neurological examination videotapes by a masked panel of three equine veterinarians. Although 42 horses were evaluated for clinical effectiveness, corroboration of clinical effectiveness via videotape evaluation was not possible for one horse due to missing neurologic examination videotapes. Therefore, this horse was not included in the success rate calculation. Based on the numbers of horses that seroconverted to negative Western Blot status, and the numbers of horses classified as successes by the clinical investigators, 28 of 42 horses (67%) at 1 mg/
kg were considered successes. With regard to independent expert masked videotape assessments, 10 of 24 horses (42%) at 1 mg/ kg were considered successes. There was no clinical difference in effectiveness among the 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg treatment group results. Adverse events were reported for two of the 214 horses evaluated for safety. In the first case, a horse was enrolled showing severe neurologic signs. Within 24 hours of dosing, the horse was recumbent, biting, and exhibiting signs of dementia. The horse died, and no cause of death was determined. In the second case, the horse began walking stiffly approximately 13 days after the start of dosing. The referring veterinarian reported that the horse had been fed grass clippings and possibly had laminitis.
ANIMAL SAFETY PROTAZIL®
(1.56% diclazuril) Antiprotozoal Pellets
were administered to 30 horses (15 males and 15 females, ranging from 5 to 9 months of age) in a target animal safety study. Five groups of 6 horses each (3 males and 3 females) received 0, 5 (5X), 15 (15X), 25 (25X) or 50 (50X) mg diclazuril/kg (2.27mg/lb) body weight/day for 42 consecutive days as a top-dress on the grain ration of the horse. The variables measured during the study included: clinical and physical observations, body weights, food and water consumption, hematology, serum chemistry, urinalysis, fecal analysis, necropsy, organ weights, gross and histopathologic examinations. The safety of diclazuril top-dress administered to horses at 1 mg/kg once daily cannot be determined based solely on this study because of the lack of an adequate control group (control horses tested positive for the test drug in plasma and CSF). However, possible findings associated with the drug were limited to elevations in BUN, creatinine, and SDH and less than anticipated weight gain. Definitive test article-related effects were decreased grain/top-dress consumption in horses in the 50 mg/kg group. In a second target animal safety study, PROTAZIL®
diclazuril) Antiprotozoal Pellets were administered to 24 horses (12 males and 12 females, ranging from 2 to 8 years of age). Three groups of 4 horses/ sex/group received 0, 1, or 5 mg diclazuril/kg
body weight/day for 42 days as a top-dress on the grain ration of the horse. The variables measured during the study included physical examinations, body weights, food and water consumption, hematology, and serum chemistry. There were no test article-related findings seen during the study.
STORAGE INFORMATION Store between 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F).
HOW SUPPLIED PROTAZIL®
(1.56 % diclazuril) Antiprotozoal
Pellets are supplied in 2.4-lb (1.1 kg) and 10-lb (4.5 kg) buckets.
REFERENCES 1. Lindsay, D. S., and Dubey, J. P. 2000. Determination of the activity of diclazuril against Sarcocystis neurona and Sarcocystis falcatula in cell cultures. J. Parasitology, 86(1):164–166.
2. Dirikolu, L., Lehner, F., Nattrass, C., Bentz, B. G., Woods, W. E., Carter, W. E., Karpiesiuk, W. G., Jacobs, J., Boyles, J., Harkins, J. D., Granstrom, D. E. and Tobin, T. 1999. Diclazuril in the horse: Its identification and detection and preliminary pharmacokinetics. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 22:374–379.
Intervet Inc d/b/a Merck Animal Health 2 Giralda Farms, Madison, NJ 07940 Copyright © 2022 Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA and its affiliates. All rights reserved.
07-2014 211.x.3.0.3
DASH and MORGAN
Wong , D. , Miles , K. & Sponseller , B. ( 2006 ) Congenital scoliosis in a quar- ter horse filly . Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound , 47 , 279 – 282 .
How to cite this article: Dash , R.F. & Morgan , R.E. ( 2024 ) Should cervical radiographs be included in a pre- purchase examination? Equine Veterinary Education , 36 , 366 – 374 . Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.13941
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