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DASH and MORGAN


FIGURE 1 Laterolateral radiographs of the cervical spine of six horses. (a) Bilateral complete transposition of the ventral lamina of C6- C7, (b) congenital malformation with a block vertebra of C2 and C3, (c) osteochondral fragmentation of a C4- C5 articular process joint, (d) enlargement of the C6- C7 articular process joints, (e) narrowing of the C6- C7 intercentral joint, suggestive of degenerative intervertebral disc disease, (f) bone formation at the ventral aspect of the intercentral joint of C7- T1, indicative of spondylosis deformans.


subchondral bone plate and periarticular bone formation which can become superimposed on the intervertebral foramina (Crijns & Broeckx, 2021 ; Down & Henson, 2009 ) (Figure 1d ). There is evidence for increasing severity of change toward the caudal cervical spine with C6- C7 being most severely affected (Crijns & Broeckx, 2021 ; Koenig et al., 2020 ), and enlargement of the C5- C6 articular process joints has been shown to be associated with increased age (Down & Henson, 2009 ). Grading schemes are available for the assessment of these joints on laterolateral projections (Crijns & Broeckx, 2021 ; Down & Henson, 2009 ),


but there is conflicting evidence on the significance of such findings. Some studies have found an association between in- creased grade or size of the articular processes and clinical signs of neck pain or forelimb lameness (Crijns & Broeckx, 2021 ; Koenig et al., 2020 ; Rovel, Zimmerman, Duchateau, Delesalle, et al., 2021 ). Others have found no association between in- creased grade and clinical signs (Down & Henson, 2009 ), or even that horses performing at a higher level had more severe radiographic change at C6- C7 than those performing at a lower level


(Espinosa- Mur et al., 2021 ). Regardless of association


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