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significance in a clinically normal horse. The predictive value of radi- ographs in these situations is unknown and reporting of radiographic abnormalities may lead to wastage of a healthy animal. Longitudinal studies are needed to establish the progression of subclinical cervical abnormalities and their future impact on performance. Therefore, at this time, there is little evidence to support the acqui- sition of cervical radiographs as part of a PPE in a clinically normal horse. Furthermore, cervical radiographs acquired in the ambulatory setting are limited by several factors, which can compromise their diagnostic value. A thorough clinical examination is likely to provide more reliable and significant information.


AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS Rupert F. Dash: Conceptualization; investigation; resources; writing – original draft; writing – review and editing. Rhiannon E. Morgan: Conceptualization; investigation; resources; supervision; writing – original draft; writing – review and editing.


ACKNO WLE DGE MENTS The authors would like to thank Alana Cyman, Alice Williams and Eleanor Masey- McManamin examinations used in the figures.


for performing the


FUNDING INFORMATION There are no funders to report for this review article.


CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.


ETHICS STATEMENT Not required for this review article.


ORCID Rupert F. Dash https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4955-8841 Rhiannon E. Morgan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4691-7394


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