IN-DEPTH: PREVENTATIVE MEDICINE: BEING PROACTIVE IN PRACTICE
16. Johansson AM, Gardner SY, Atkins CE, et al. Cardiovascular effects of acute pulmonary obstruction in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. JVet InternMed 2007;21:302–307.
17. Decloedt A, Borowicz H, Slowikowska M, et al. Right ven- tricular function during acute exacerbation of severe equine asthma. Equine Vet J 2017;49:603–608.
18. Pirie RS, Collie DD, Dixon PM, et al. Inhaled endotoxin and organic dust particulates have synergistic proinflammatory effects in equine heaves (organic dust-induced asthma). Clin Exp Allergy 2003;33:676–683.
19. Uberti B, Morán G. Role of neutrophils in equine asthma. Anim Health Res Rev 2018;19:65–73.
20. Gerber V, Lindberg A, Berney C, et al. Airway mucus in recurrent airway obstruction–Short-term response to envi- ronmental challenge. J Vet Intern Med 2004;18:92–97.
21. Joubert P, Cordeau ME, Lavoie JP. Cytokine mRNA expres- sion of pulmonary macrophages varies with challenge but not with disease state in horses with heaves or in controls. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011;142:236–242.
22. Aharonson-Raz K, Lohmann KL, Townsend HG, et al. Pulmonary intravascular macrophages as proinflammatory cells in heaves, an asthma-like equine disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012;303:189–198.
23. Barton AK, Gehlen H. Pulmonary remodeling in equine asthma: What do we know about mediators of inflammation in the horse? Mediators Inflamm 2016;2016:5693205.
24. Poole JA, Gleason AM, Bauer C, et al. CD11c(+)/CD11b(+) cells are critical for organic dust-elicited murine lung
inflammation.Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012;47:652–659.
25. Bullone M, Lavoie JP. The contribution of oxidative stress and inflamm-aging in human and equine asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2017;18:2612.
26. Poole JA, Romberger DJ. Immunological and inflammatory responses to organic dust in agriculture. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;12:126–132.
27. Giguere S, Viel L, Lee E, et al. Cytokine induction in pulmo- nary airways of horses with heaves and effect of therapy with inhaled fluticasone propionate. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002;85:147–158.
28. Ainsworth DM, Grunig G, Matychak MB, et al. Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in horses is characterized by IFN- gamma and IL-8 production in bronchoalveolar lavage cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2003;96:83–91.
29. Bullone M, Joubert P, Gagné A, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid neutrophilia is associated with the severity of pulmonary
lesions during equine asthma exacerbations. Equine Vet J 2018;50:609–615.
30. Bosshard S, Gerber V. Evaluation of coughing and nasal dis- charge as early indicators for an increased risk to develop equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). J Vet Intern Med 2014;28:618–623.
31. Calzetta L, Rogliani P, Page C, et al. Clinical effect of corti- costeroids in asthma-affected horses: A quantitative synthe- sis. Equine Vet J 2018;50:594–601.
32. Lavoie JP, Bullone M, Rodrigues N, et al. Effect of different doses of inhaled ciclesonide on lung function, clinical signs related to airflow limitation and serum cortisol levels in horses with experimentally induced mild to severe airway obstruction. Equine Vet J 2019;51:779–786.
33. Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Alberti E, et al. The role of thoracic ultrasonography and airway endoscopy in the diagnosis of equine asthma and exercise-induced pulmonary hemor- rhage. Vet Sci 2021;8:276.
34. Rossi H, Virtala AM, Raekallio M, et al. Comparison of tra- cheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology in 154 horses with and without respiratory signs in a referral hos- pital over 2009-2015. Front Vet Sci 2018;5:61.
35. SiwinskaN, ZakA, Slowikowska M, et al. Prevalence and sever- ity of ultrasonographic pulmonary findings in horses with asthma -Apreliminary study. Pol JVet Sci 2019;22:653–659.
36. Miskovic M, Couetil LL, Thompson CA. Lung function and airway cytologic profiles in horses with recurrent airway obstruction maintained in low-dust environments. J Vet Intern Med 2007;21:1060–1066.
412 2022 / Vol. 68 / AAEP PROCEEDINGS
37. HoffmanA,KuehnH,RiedelbergerK, et al. Flowmetric compar- ison of respiratory inductance plethysmography and pneumota- chography in horses. J Appl Physiol 2001;91:2767–2775.
38. Mazan MR, Deveney EF, DeWitt S, et al. Energetic cost of breathing, body composition, and pulmonary function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. J Appl Physiol 2004;97:91–97.
39. Bullone M, Vargas A, Elce Y, et al. Fluticasone/salmeterol reduces remodelling and neutrophilic inflammation in severe equine asthma. Sci Rep 2017;7:8843.
40. NogradiN, Couetil LL,Messick J, et
al.Omega-3 fatty acid sup- plementation provides an additional benefit to a low-dust diet in themanagement of horseswith chronic lower airway inflamma- tory disease. J Vet InternMed 2015;29:299–306.
41. Lavoie JP, Cesarini C, Lavoie-Lamoureux A, et al. Broncho- alveolar lavage fluid cytology and cytokine messenger ribonu- cleic acid expression of racehorses with exercise intolerance and lower airway inflammation. J Vet InternMed 2011;25:322–329.
42. Pirrone F, Albertini M, Clement MG, et al. Respiratory mechanics in Standardbred horses with sub-clinical inflam- matory airway disease and poor athletic performance. Vet J 2007;173:144–150.
43. Ramseyer A, Gaillard C, Burger D, et al. Effects of genetic and environmental factors on chronic lower airway disease in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2007;21:149–156.
44. Gy C, Leclere M, Vargas A, et al. Investigation of blood bio- markers for the diagnosis of mild to moderate asthma in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2019;33:1789–1795.
45. HertemanN, Mosing M,Waldmann AD, et al. Exercise-induced airflow changes in horses with asthma measured by electrical impedance tomography. J Vet InternMed 2021;35:2500–2510.
47. Verdon M, Lanz S, Rhyner C, et al. Allergen-specific immu- noglobulin E in sera of horses affected with insect bite hypersensitivity, severe equine asthma or both conditions. J Vet Intern Med 2019;33:266–274.
48. Mahalingam-Dhingra A, Mazan MR, Bedenice D, et al. A CONSORT-guided, randomized, double-blind, controlled pilot clinical trial of inhaled lidocaine for the treatment of equine asthma. Can J Vet Res 2022;86:116–124.
46. Pacholewska A, Kraft MF, Gerber V, et al. Differential expression of serum microRNAs supports CD4+ T cell differ- entiation into Th2/Th17 cells in severe equine asthma. Genes (Basel) 2017;8:383.
49. Calzetta L, Crupi R, Roncada P, et al. Clinical efficacy of bronchodilators in equine asthma: Looking for minimal im- portant difference. Equine Vet J 2020;52:305–313.
50. Hoffman AM. Bronchoalveolar lavage: Sampling technique and guidelines for cytologic preparation and interpretation. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2008;24:423–435.
51. Hufnagl K, Hirt R, Robibaro B. Out of breath: Asthma in humans and their animals. In: Jensen-Jarolim E, ed. Comparative medicine. Cham: Springer, 2017;71–85.
52. Bedenice D, Mazan MR, Hoffman AM. Association between cough and cytology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and pul- monary function in horses diagnosed with inflammatory air- way disease. J Vet Intern Med 2008;22:1022–1028.
53. Tilley P, Sales Luis JP, Branco Ferreira M. Correlation and discriminant analysis between clinical, endoscopic, thoracic X-ray and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology scores, for staging horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). Res Vet Sci 2012;93:1006–1014.
55. Richard EA, Fortier GD, Denoix JM, et al. Influence of sub- clinical inflammatory airway disease on equine respiratory function evaluated by impulse oscillometry. Equine Vet J 2009;41:384–389.
54. Couëtil LL, Rosenthal FS, DeNicola DB, et al. Clinical signs, evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and assessment of pulmonary function in horses with inflammatory respira- tory
disease.Am J Vet Res 2001;62:538–546.
56. Wichtel M, Gomez D, Burton S, et al. Relationships between equine airway reactivity measured by flowmetric plethys- mography and specific indicators of airway inflammation in horses with suspected inflammatory airway disease. Equine Vet J 2016;48:466–471.
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140 |
Page 141 |
Page 142 |
Page 143 |
Page 144 |
Page 145 |
Page 146 |
Page 147 |
Page 148 |
Page 149 |
Page 150 |
Page 151 |
Page 152 |
Page 153 |
Page 154 |
Page 155 |
Page 156 |
Page 157 |
Page 158 |
Page 159 |
Page 160 |
Page 161 |
Page 162 |
Page 163 |
Page 164 |
Page 165 |
Page 166 |
Page 167 |
Page 168 |
Page 169 |
Page 170 |
Page 171 |
Page 172 |
Page 173 |
Page 174 |
Page 175 |
Page 176 |
Page 177 |
Page 178 |
Page 179 |
Page 180 |
Page 181 |
Page 182 |
Page 183 |
Page 184 |
Page 185 |
Page 186 |
Page 187 |
Page 188 |
Page 189 |
Page 190 |
Page 191 |
Page 192 |
Page 193 |
Page 194 |
Page 195 |
Page 196 |
Page 197 |
Page 198 |
Page 199 |
Page 200 |
Page 201 |
Page 202 |
Page 203 |
Page 204 |
Page 205 |
Page 206 |
Page 207 |
Page 208 |
Page 209 |
Page 210 |
Page 211 |
Page 212 |
Page 213 |
Page 214 |
Page 215 |
Page 216 |
Page 217 |
Page 218 |
Page 219 |
Page 220 |
Page 221 |
Page 222 |
Page 223 |
Page 224 |
Page 225 |
Page 226 |
Page 227 |
Page 228 |
Page 229 |
Page 230 |
Page 231 |
Page 232 |
Page 233 |
Page 234 |
Page 235 |
Page 236 |
Page 237 |
Page 238 |
Page 239 |
Page 240 |
Page 241 |
Page 242 |
Page 243 |
Page 244 |
Page 245 |
Page 246 |
Page 247 |
Page 248 |
Page 249 |
Page 250 |
Page 251 |
Page 252 |
Page 253 |
Page 254 |
Page 255 |
Page 256 |
Page 257 |
Page 258 |
Page 259 |
Page 260 |
Page 261 |
Page 262 |
Page 263 |
Page 264 |
Page 265 |
Page 266 |
Page 267 |
Page 268 |
Page 269 |
Page 270 |
Page 271 |
Page 272 |
Page 273 |
Page 274 |
Page 275 |
Page 276 |
Page 277 |
Page 278 |
Page 279 |
Page 280 |
Page 281 |
Page 282 |
Page 283 |
Page 284 |
Page 285 |
Page 286 |
Page 287 |
Page 288 |
Page 289 |
Page 290 |
Page 291 |
Page 292 |
Page 293 |
Page 294 |
Page 295 |
Page 296 |
Page 297 |
Page 298 |
Page 299 |
Page 300 |
Page 301 |
Page 302 |
Page 303 |
Page 304 |
Page 305 |
Page 306 |
Page 307 |
Page 308 |
Page 309 |
Page 310 |
Page 311 |
Page 312 |
Page 313 |
Page 314 |
Page 315 |
Page 316 |
Page 317 |
Page 318 |
Page 319 |
Page 320 |
Page 321 |
Page 322 |
Page 323 |
Page 324 |
Page 325 |
Page 326 |
Page 327 |
Page 328 |
Page 329 |
Page 330 |
Page 331 |
Page 332 |
Page 333 |
Page 334 |
Page 335 |
Page 336 |
Page 337 |
Page 338 |
Page 339 |
Page 340 |
Page 341 |
Page 342 |
Page 343 |
Page 344 |
Page 345 |
Page 346 |
Page 347 |
Page 348 |
Page 349 |
Page 350 |
Page 351 |
Page 352 |
Page 353 |
Page 354 |
Page 355 |
Page 356 |
Page 357 |
Page 358 |
Page 359 |
Page 360 |
Page 361 |
Page 362 |
Page 363 |
Page 364 |
Page 365 |
Page 366 |
Page 367 |
Page 368 |
Page 369 |
Page 370 |
Page 371 |
Page 372 |
Page 373 |
Page 374 |
Page 375 |
Page 376 |
Page 377 |
Page 378 |
Page 379 |
Page 380 |
Page 381 |
Page 382 |
Page 383 |
Page 384 |
Page 385 |
Page 386 |
Page 387 |
Page 388 |
Page 389 |
Page 390 |
Page 391 |
Page 392 |
Page 393 |
Page 394 |
Page 395 |
Page 396 |
Page 397 |
Page 398 |
Page 399 |
Page 400 |
Page 401 |
Page 402 |
Page 403 |
Page 404 |
Page 405 |
Page 406 |
Page 407 |
Page 408 |
Page 409 |
Page 410 |
Page 411 |
Page 412 |
Page 413 |
Page 414 |
Page 415 |
Page 416 |
Page 417 |
Page 418 |
Page 419 |
Page 420 |
Page 421 |
Page 422 |
Page 423 |
Page 424 |
Page 425 |
Page 426 |
Page 427 |
Page 428 |
Page 429 |
Page 430 |
Page 431 |
Page 432 |
Page 433 |
Page 434 |
Page 435 |
Page 436 |
Page 437 |
Page 438 |
Page 439 |
Page 440 |
Page 441 |
Page 442 |
Page 443 |
Page 444 |
Page 445 |
Page 446 |
Page 447 |
Page 448 |
Page 449 |
Page 450 |
Page 451 |
Page 452 |
Page 453 |
Page 454 |
Page 455 |
Page 456 |
Page 457 |
Page 458 |
Page 459 |
Page 460 |
Page 461 |
Page 462 |
Page 463 |
Page 464 |
Page 465 |
Page 466 |
Page 467 |
Page 468 |
Page 469 |
Page 470 |
Page 471 |
Page 472 |
Page 473 |
Page 474 |
Page 475 |
Page 476 |
Page 477 |
Page 478 |
Page 479 |
Page 480 |
Page 481 |
Page 482 |
Page 483 |
Page 484 |
Page 485 |
Page 486 |
Page 487 |
Page 488 |
Page 489 |
Page 490 |
Page 491 |
Page 492 |
Page 493 |
Page 494 |
Page 495 |
Page 496 |
Page 497 |
Page 498 |
Page 499 |
Page 500 |
Page 501 |
Page 502 |
Page 503 |
Page 504 |
Page 505 |
Page 506 |
Page 507 |
Page 508 |
Page 509 |
Page 510 |
Page 511 |
Page 512
